背景:蜜蜂和蜂巢蜜蜂由于其作为传粉者的作用而对野生开花植物和经济上重要的作物非常有价值。然而,这些昆虫面临许多疾病威胁(病毒,寄生虫,细菌和真菌)和环境中高浓度的农药。Varroadestructor是最普遍的疾病,对不同蜜蜂(Apismellifera和A.cerana)的健康和生存产生了最大的负面影响。此外,蜜蜂是社会性昆虫,这种体外寄生虫很容易在蜂群内和蜂群之间传播。
目的:这篇综述旨在对重要蜜蜂感染的多样性和分布以及可能的管理和治疗方案进行调查,这样蜜蜂群体的健康就可以保持。
方法:我们在整个文章选择过程中使用了PRISMA指南,1960年1月至2020年12月出版。PubMed,谷歌学者,Scopus,科克伦图书馆,搜索了WebofScience和Ovid数据库。
结果:本研究共收集了132篇文章,保留了106篇文章。获得的数据显示V.析构函数和Nosemaspp。被发现是全球蜜蜂的主要病原体。这些感染的影响会导致觅食蜜蜂无法飞行,迷失方向,瘫痪以及殖民地中许多人的死亡。我们发现,必须实施卫生和化学害虫管理策略,减少寄生虫负荷和病原体的传播。使用有效的杀螨剂(氟戊酸盐-tau,coumaphos和amitraz)现在似乎是一种必不可少的常见做法,可以最大程度地减少瓦螨和其他病原体对蜂群的影响。新,替代生物污染控制方法,正在上升,对于维持蜜蜂蜂巢健康和提高蜂蜜生产力至关重要。
结论:我们建议在全球范围内采用关键的健康控制方法,并实施国际监测系统以确定蜜蜂群体的安全性,定期识别寄生虫患病率,以及潜在的风险因素,以便在全球范围内识别和量化病原体对蜜蜂健康的影响。
Honey bees and honeycomb bees are very valuable for wild flowering plants and economically important crops due to their role as pollinators. However, these
insects confront many disease threats (viruses, parasites, bacteria and fungi) and large pesticide concentrations in the environment. Varroa destructor is the most prevalent disease that has had the most negative effects on the fitness and survival of different honey bees (Apis mellifera and A. cerana). Moreover, honey bees are social
insects and this ectoparasite can be easily transmitted within and across bee colonies.
This
review aims to provide a survey of the diversity and distribution of important bee infections and possible management and treatment options, so that honey bee colony health can be maintained.
We used PRISMA guidelines throughout article selection, published between January 1960 and December 2020. PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Ovid databases were searched.
We have collected 132 articles and retained 106 articles for this study. The data obtained revealed that V. destructor and Nosema spp. were found to be the major pathogens of honey bees worldwide. The impact of these infections can result in the incapacity of forager bees to fly, disorientation, paralysis, and death of many individuals in the colony. We find that both hygienic and chemical pest management strategies must be implemented to prevent, reduce the parasite loads and transmission of pathogens. The use of an effective miticide (fluvalinate-tau, coumaphos and amitraz) now seems to be an essential and common practice required to minimise the impact of Varroa mites and other pathogens on bee colonies. New, alternative biofriendly control methods, are on the rise, and could be critical for maintaining honey bee hive health and improving honey productivity.
We suggest that critical health control methods be adopted globally and that an international monitoring system be implemented to determine honey bee colony safety, regularly identify parasite prevalence, as well as potential risk factors, so that the impact of pathogens on bee health can be recognised and quantified on a global scale.