Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in pregnant women is associated with birth defects, which are more prevalent and severe the earlier in pregnancy the infection occurs. Pregnant women at risk of possible ZIKV exposure (n = 154) were screened using ELISA for ZIKV IgM and IgG. Nine of 154 (5.84%) pregnant women who underwent screening exhibited positive ZIKV serology. Of these, two maternal infections were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR and five were considered probable, but only three of those were retained for further analysis based on strict diagnostic criteria. Plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT) confirmed ZIKV infection in nine cases (5.84%). Two cases of vertical ZIKV transmission were confirmed by PCR. One infant showed no signs of congenital ZIKV syndrome and had a normal developmental profile despite first-trimester maternal infection. In the second case, pregnancy was terminated. Production of interferon γ (IFN-γ) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from pregnant women and umbilical cord blood was measured using enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISpot) after stimulation with panels of synthetic peptides derived from the sequence of ZIKV proteins. This analysis revealed that, among all peptide pools tested, those derived from the ZIKV envelope protein generated the strongest IFN-γ response.

Frequent mutations of SARS-CoV-2 change the strain more transmissible, leading to the pandemic in worldwide. We detected Y453F substitution on Omicron strain, isolated from a Japanese patient in July 2022. While Y453F substitution was identified B1.1.298 lineage in Netherlands and Denmark in 2020, the substitution has not been reported in Omicron strain especially in Japan. Y453F substitution is associated with higher viral infectivity because it is sited in the receptor-binding domain (RBD), and Y453F substitution contributes to increase binding affinity to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Additionally, Y453F substitution has been reported to escape human leukocyte antigen (HLA), which is known to recognize non-self-antigens in virus-infected cells as cellular immunity, so it should be closely monitored.

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Prolonged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) shedding has been described in immunocompromised coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, resulting in protracted disease and poor outcome. Specific therapy to improve viral clearance and outcome for this group of patients is currently unavailable.
Five critically ill COVID-19 patients with severe defects in cellular immune responses, high SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA loads, and no respiratory improvement were treated with interferon gamma, 100 μg subcutaneously, thrice weekly. Bronchial secretion was collected every 48 h for routine diagnostic SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR and viral culture.
Interferon gamma administration was followed by a rapid decline in SARS-CoV-2 load and a positive-to-negative viral culture conversion. Four patients recovered, and no signs of hyperinflammation were observed.
Interferon gamma may be considered as adjuvant immunotherapy in a subset of immunocompromised COVID-19 patients.
A.v.L. and R.v.C. are supported by National Institutes of Health (R01AI145781). G.J.O. and R.P.v.R. are supported by a VICI grant (016.VICI.170.090) from the Dutch Research Council (NWO). W.F.A. is supported by a clinical fellowship grant (9071561) of Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development. M.G.N. is supported by an ERC advanced grant (833247) and a Spinoza grant of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research.

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EDV) is a rare, autosomal recessive, genetic disorder of immune dysregulation characterized by increased susceptibility to cutaneous human papilloma virus infections. It was first described by Lewandowsky and Lutz in 1922 as a form of epidermal nevus. Its association with skin cancers was proposed by Sullivan and Ellis in 1939. Initial lesions often occur in childhood and are of two types; lifelong eruptions of pityriasis versicolor like lesions and flat wart like papules. The latter is characterized by malignant transformation in 35%-50% of patients especially after 40-50 years of age. Bowen disease is the most common tumor followed by invasive squamous cell carcinoma, however, metastasis is rarely encountered.

The management of multidrug-resistant strains of cytomegalovirus after solid organ transplantation is challenging. This case report demonstrates the successful treatment of a multidrug-resistant strain of cytomegalovirus that may represent a valuable option for problematic cases. This report illustrates the emergence of a multidrug-resistant cytomegalovirus (CMV) UL54 mutant strain in a renal transplant recipient with severe lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia. We show that the combined treatment with high-dose intravenous cytomegalovirus-specific immunoglobulins (CMV-IVIG) after the switch to a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-inhibitor and cyclosporine A was a successful treatment alternative to direct antiviral treatment with high-dose ganciclovir and foscarnet. This treatment was associated with a quantitative induction of CMV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells that showed maturation in phenotype and functionality with decreasing viral load. Our case report illustrates that high-dose CMV-IVIG and conversion of immunosuppressive drugs to mTOR inhibitors and cyclosporine A can be a successful treatment in a situation where the use of direct antiviral drugs was considered insufficient.

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Objective: To analyze the clinical and immunological characteristics of a patient with activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ syndrome 2 (APDS2). Methods: A retrospective analysis of clinical data, immune-related gene sequencing, imaging and laboratory findings of a patient with APDS2 admitted to Children\'s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University was performed. The absolute and relative numbers of peripheral lymphocyte subsets, immune cell subsets and phenotypes were detected by flow cytometry with the age matched healthy child or the patient\'s father as a control. Results: A female patient aged 6 years and 4 months old was firstly admitted due to paleness over one month and cough for 7 days in June 2017. The IgA (<0.067 g/L) decreased while the IgM (2.55 g/L) increased. The abdominal ultrasound found hepatomegaly (subcostal 1.7 cm) and splenomegaly (subcostal 3.6 cm), and gene sequencing revealed a heterozygous mutation in the PIK3R1 gene c.1425+1G>A. After the treatment with prednisone which was initiated with a dose of 10 mg/times, 3 times/d and continued and tapered over 7 months, the IgM decreased to normal (1.72 g/L), and the hepatomegaly (subcostal 0 cm) and splenomegaly (subcostal 0.5 cm) were improved. The patient was readmitted due to pale and sallow complexion for half a month in July 2019. The percentage of naive CD4(+)T (0.386) and naive CD8(+)T cells (0.271) were decreased while the percentage of terminally differentiated effector memory CD8(+)T cells (0.377) and transitional B cells (0.223) were increased. The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of phosphorylated protein kinase B (AKT) in CD3(+)T, CD4(+)T and CD8(+)T cells were higher in the patient (4 125, 5 213, 3 497) than those in her father (3 434, 3 312, 3 058). The percentage of follicular helper T cell (Tfh) (0.299), Th1 (0.491) and Th1-like cells (0.438) in the patient were higher than those in the healthy control (0.156,0.313,0.303), while the percentage of Th17 (0.126) and Th17-like cells (0.188) were lower than those in the healthy control (0.198, 0.315). And the percentage of CD57 in the patient (0.306) was also higher than that in the healthy control (0.246). Conclusions: The humoral immunity and cellular immunity of APDS2 patient are impaired to varying degrees. The steroid can improve the lymphoproliferation and autoimmune hemolytic anemia in this case.
目的： 分析2型PI3Kδ过度活化综合征（APDS2）患儿的临床与免疫学特征。 方法： 回顾性分析重庆医科大学附属儿童医院收治的1例APDS2患儿临床资料、免疫相关基因测序、影像学和实验室检查结果，利用流式细胞术对患儿淋巴细胞亚群及其表型进行检测,并以正常同龄儿童或患儿父亲为对照进行对比分析。 结果： 患儿　女，6岁4月龄，因\"面色苍白1个月余，咳嗽7 d\"于2017年6月首次入院，IgA（<0.067 g/L）降低伴IgM（2.55 g/L）升高，腹部超声提示肝脏（肋下1.7 cm）和脾脏（肋下3.6 cm）肿大，基因测序显示患儿PIK3R1基因c.1425+1G>A杂合突变，予醋酸泼尼松（10 mg/次，3次/d，逐渐减量）口服治疗7个月，患儿IgM降至正常（1.72 g/L），肝脾缩小（肝肋下0 cm，脾肋下0.5 cm）。2019年7月因\"面色苍黄半个月\"二次入院，精细免疫分型提示初始CD4(+)T细胞（0.386）和初始CD8(+)T细胞（0.271）比例降低，终末分化效应记忆CD8(+)T细胞（0.377）和过渡性B细胞（0.223）比例增高。患儿CD3(+)T、CD4(+)T、CD8(+)T细胞（4 125、5 213、3 497）磷酸化蛋白激酶B（AKT）的平均荧光强度峰值高于其父亲（3 434、3 312、3 058）。患儿滤泡辅助T细胞（0.299）、Th1（0.491）和类Th1（0.438）比例高于正常儿童（0.156、0.313、0.303），而Th17（0.126）和类Th17（0.188）比例低于正常儿童（0.198，0.315）。患儿T细胞衰老指标CD57比例（0.306）高于正常儿童（0.246）。 结论： APDS2患儿体液免疫和细胞免疫均有不同程度受损，激素治疗对其淋巴组织增生和自身免疫性溶血性贫血等临床症状有一定改善。.

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