在自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)中,有多种证据表明硫氨基酸(SAA)代谢受损。例如,蛋氨酸的浓度,与健康个体相比,患有ASD的个体的体液中的半胱氨酸和S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(SAM)显著较低,而S-腺苷高半胱氨酸(SAH)的浓度显著较高。减少的甲硫氨酸和SAM可能反映了受损的再甲基化途径,而增加的SAH可能反映了分解代谢方向的S-腺苷高半胱氨酸水解酶活性降低。降低的SAM/SAH比率反映了受损的甲基化能力。我们假设多种机制来解释氧化应激的相互作用,神经炎症,汞暴露,母亲使用丙戊酸盐,改变的肠道微生物组和某些遗传变异可能导致这些SAA代谢型。此外,我们还提出了一些机制来解释SAA代谢异常的代谢后果。例如在大脑中,降低SAM/SAH比率将导致褪黑激素缺乏和许多生物分子如DNA的低甲基化,RNA和组蛋白。除了先前提出的机制之外,我们认为,“自由基SAM”酶的活性受损将导致内源性硫辛酸合成减少,钼辅因子合成减少和卟啉代谢受损导致线粒体功能障碍,卟啉尿症和硫酸化能力受损。此外,SAM的消耗也可能导致ASD亚组中mTOR信号通路的紊乱。提出的“SAM耗竭假说”是一个包容性模型,用于解释在ASD儿童子集中观察到的异质性风险因素与代谢型之间的关系。
There are multiple lines of evidence for an impaired sulfur amino acid (SAA) metabolism in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). For instance, the concentrations of methionine, cysteine and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) in body fluids of individuals with ASD is significantly lower while the concentration of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) is significantly higher as compared to healthy individuals. Reduced methionine and SAM may reflect impaired remethylation pathway whereas increased SAH may reflect reduced S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase activity in the catabolic direction. Reduced SAM/SAH ratio reflects an impaired methylation capacity. We hypothesize multiple mechanisms to explain how the interplay of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mercury exposure, maternal use of valproate, altered gut microbiome and certain genetic variants may lead to these SAA metabotypes. Furthermore, we also propose a number of mechanisms to explain the metabolic consequences of abnormal SAA metabotypes. For instance in the brain, reduced SAM/SAH ratio will result in melatonin deficiency and
hypomethylation of a number of biomolecules such as DNA, RNA and histones. In addition to previously proposed mechanisms, we propose that impaired activity of \"radical SAM\" enzymes will result in reduced endogenous lipoic acid synthesis, reduced molybdenum cofactor synthesis and impaired porphyrin metabolism leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, porphyrinuria and impaired sulfation capacity. Furthermore depletion of SAM may also lead to the disturbed mTOR signaling pathway in a subgroup of ASD. The proposed \"SAM-depletion hypothesis\" is an inclusive model to explain the relationship between heterogeneous risk factors and metabotypes observed in a subset of children with ASD.