Hydrazones display an interesting profile of biological activities, which includes mainly antimicrobial and antiproliferative properties. Hydrazones also play an important role in the synthesis of heterocyclic rings and in coordination chemistry. Currently, the synthesis of complexes of hydrazones with transition metals is quite frequently reported in the scientific literature. The interest in this topic is largely due to diverse biological activities of the metal complexes of hydrazones that in some cases are much more effective than hydrazones themselves. This review focuses on the complexes of hydrazones with transition metals which display antibacterial, antitubercular, antifungal and anticancer activities. In the following subchapters devoted to a given activity, an attempt has been made to present the most active complexes of hydrazones, their trends in their activity and application in medicinal chemistry. The paper presents the literature data from 2009 to 2023. This review constitutes a useful guide for the researchers who intend to synthesize and investigate complexes of hydrazones in terms of their antimicrobial and anticancer activities.

BACKGROUND: The potential risks associated with the use of levosimendan in the pediatric population has not been systematically evaluated. This study aimed to review the available evidence regarding the safety of this treatment.
METHODS: Bio Med Central, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of clinical trials were searched for studies describing levosimendan administration in the pediatric population in any setting. Relevant studies were independently screened, selected, and their data extracted by two investigators. The authors excluded: reviews, meta-analyses, as well as basic research and trials involving patients >18 years old. The primary outcome was the number and the type of adverse side effects reported during levosimendan administration.
RESULTS: The updated systematic review included 48 studies, enrolling a total of 1,271 pediatric patients who received levosimendan as treatment (790 patients in the 11 studies that reported side effects). The primary adverse effects of levosimendan administration were hypotension and cardiac arrhythmias, particularly tachycardia. Hypotension occurred in approximately 28.9% of patients, while arrhythmia occurred in about 12.3% of patients. Meta analysis of RCTs revealed a rate of all-cause mortality of 2.0% (8 out of 385) in the levosimendan group compared to 3.9% (15 out of 378) in the control group (dobutamine, milrinone or placebo) (risk ratio [RR] = 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.25-1.21; P = 0.14; I2 = 0%) CONCLUSIONS: Hypotension and cardiac arrhythmia are the most reported side effects of levosimendan in pediatric patients. However, adverse events remain underreported, especially in randomized trials.

UNASSIGNED: In the latest years, several studies described the impact of repetitive/intermittent i.v. levosimendan treatment in the management of advanced heart failure. For this updated review, we systematically searched the literature for clinical trials, registries , and real-world data and identified 31 studies that we commented in a narrative review: 3814 patients were described, of whom 1744 were treated repetitively with levosimendan. On the basis of the nature of the study protocols and of the end points, out of those studies, we further selected 9 that had characteristics, making them suitable for a meta-analysis on mortality. This short list describes data from 680 patients (of whom 399 received repeated doses of levosimendan) and 110 death events (of which 50 occurred in the levosimendan cohort). In the meta-analysis, repetitive/intermittent therapy with i.v. levosimendan was associated with a significant reduction in mortality at the longest time point available: 50 of 399 (12.5%) versus 60 of 281 (21.4%) in the control arms, with a risk ratio of 0.62 (95% confidence interval, 0.42-0.90; P < 0.01). In a sensitivity analysis, removing each trial and reanalyzing the remaining data set did not change the trend, magnitude, or significance of the results. A visual inspection of the funnel plot did not suggest publication bias. The results provide a very strong rationale for continuing to investigate the repetitive use of levosimendan in patients with advanced heart failure by properly powered regulatory clinical trials. Meanwhile, it seems that the use of repetitive/intermittent i.v. levosimendan infusions has become one of the few effective options for preserving the hemodynamic and symptomatic balance in such patients.

The hydrazones and hydrazide-hydrazones beside possessing crucial bioactivity can serve as useful intermediates in the synthesis of heterocyclic systems like 1,3-benzothiazin-4-one, 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one, azetidin-2-one and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives. The azetidin-2-one derivatives show mainly antibacterial, antitubercular and antifungal activity as well as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticonvulsant and antidepressant activity and activity against Parkinson\'s disease. This review is focused on the literature reports which consider the synthesis and biological properties of azetidin-2-one derivatives.

Low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) after congenital cardiac surgery has an incidence of up to 25%. Preventing and treating LCOS is of pivotal importance as LCOS is associated with excess morbidity and mortality.
This systematic review assesses the safety and efficacy of peri-operative levosimendan administration in the setting of paediatric cardiac surgery.
Systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Meta-analyses were performed on efficacy and exploratory outcomes.
Literature was searched in the following databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and CENTRAL) from inception to July 2021.
Randomised controlled trials comparing levosimendan with other inotropes or placebo in children younger than 18 years of age undergoing cardiac surgery.
Nine studies enrolling a total of 539 children could be included in the systematic review. All trials study the prophylactic administration of levosimendan in comparison with placebo ( n   =  2), milrinone ( n  = 6) or dobutamine ( n   =  1). Levosimendan dosing varied considerably with only three studies using a loading dose. Levosimendan reduced the incidence of LCOS [risk ratio (RR) 0.80] [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.40 to 0.89, P  = 0.01] and increased cardiac index (MD 0.17 l min -1  m -2 ) (95% CI, 0.06 to 0.28, P  = 0.003) without affecting other outcomes (mortality, ICU length of stay, hospital length of stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, serum lactate, central venous oxygen saturation, serum creatine or acute kidney injury).
The prophylactic use of levosimendan in children undergoing cardiac surgery reduced the incidence of LCOS and increased cardiac index compared with other inotropes or placebo. This effect did not translate into an improvement of other clinical endpoints.

Heterocyclic compounds constitute the most important part of medicinal as well as organic chemistry. Most of the marketed drugs possess therapeutic activity because of the presence of heterocyclic scaffolds as part of their structure. A slight change in the structure of the heterocyclic moieties may result in a major change in the therapeutic response of the drug candidate. Among all heterocycle compounds, the compounds containing nitrogen and sulfur atoms serve as a unique resource for drug development, such as benzothiazoles. Benzothiazole is a benzofused heterocyclic that is widely reported as a constituent of naturally occurring chemicals and chiefly responsible for their pharmacological potential. It was also reported that the pharmacological activity of BTA may also be influenced by its coupling with aldehydes, ketones, or hydrazines to form respected benzothiazole-hydrazone derivatives. The present comprehensive review consists of various synthesis methods, biological activities, and structure-activity relationships of and targets of benzothiazole and benzothiazole-hydrazone derivatives to provide a wide range of information to medicinal chemists for future research work.

Engineered block polysaccharides is a relatively new class of biomacromolecules consisting of chemical assembly of separate block structures at the chain termini. In contrast to conventional, laterally substituted polysaccharide derivatives, the block arrangement allows for much higher preservation of inherent chain properties such as biodegradability and stimuli-responsive self-assembly, while at the same time inducing new macromolecular properties. Abundant, carbon neutral, and even recalcitrant biomass is an excellent source of blocks, opening for numerous new uses of biomass for a wide range of novel biomaterials. Among a limited range of methodologies available for block conjugation, bifunctional linkers allowing for oxyamine and hydrazide \'click\' reactions have recently proven useful additions to the repertoire. This article focuses the chemistry and kinetics of these reactions. It also presents some new data with the aim to provide useful protocols and methods for general use towards new block polysaccharides.

Levosimendan increasingly has been used to treat heart failure and cardiac dysfunction in pediatric patients. Currently, there is only limited evidence that this drug positively affects outcomes. The authors\' aim was to investigate the effects of levosimendan on hemodynamic parameters and outcomes in pediatric patients in all clinical settings. The study design was a systematic review of randomized and nonrandomized studies. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were included in a meta-analysis. The primary outcome of the meta-analysis was the effect of levosimendan on central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) and lactate values as surrogate markers of low-cardiac-output syndrome. The study setting was any acute care setting. Study participants were pediatric patients (age <18 years) receiving levosimendan, and the intervention was levosimendan versus any control treatment. The authors identified 44 studies published from 2004 to 2020, including a total of 1,131 pediatric patients. Nine studies (enrolling 547 patients) were RCTs, all performed in a pediatric cardiac surgery setting. Three RCTs were judged to carry a low risk of bias. In the RCTs, levosimendan administration was associated with a significant improvement of ScvO2 (p = 0.03) and a trend toward lower postoperative lactate levels (p = 0.08). No differences could be found for secondary outcomes. Levosimendan use in pediatric patients is not associated with major side effects and may lead to hemodynamic improvement after cardiac surgery. However, its impact on major clinical outcomes remains to be determined. Overall, the quality of evidence for levosimendan use in pediatric patients is low, and further high-quality RCTs are needed.

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Fluoride ion (F-) contamination can be accumulated along the water and the food chain and cause serious risk to public health. It is of the greatest importance that selects the suitable chromophores and fluorophores for the design and synthesis of outstanding selective, sensitive chromogenic and fluorogenic probes for detection of fluoride ion. In this review is mainly focused on the current progress of fluoride ion detection according to their receptors into several categories like anthracene, azo, benzothiazole, BODIPY, calixarene, coumarin, imidazole, diketopyrrolopyrrole, hydrazone, imidazole, naphthalene, naphthalimide, quantum dots, Schiff base and urea group sensing in the year 2015-2019.