Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is a highly prevalent and frequently pathogenic infection of equids. The most serious clinical consequences of infection are abortion and equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). The previous consensus statement was published in 2009 and considered pathogenesis, strain variation, epidemiology, diagnostic testing, vaccination, outbreak prevention and control, and treatment. A recent survey of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine large animal diplomates identified the need for a revision to this original consensus statement. This updated consensus statement is underpinned by 4 systematic reviews that addressed key questions concerning vaccination, pharmaceutical treatment, pathogenesis, and diagnostic testing. Evidence for successful vaccination against, or effective treatment of EHV-1 infection was limited, and improvements in experimental design and reporting of results are needed in future studies of this important disease. This consensus statement also updates the topics considered previously in 2009.

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of consensus on how best to balance our need to minimise the risk of parasite-associated disease in the individual horse, with the need to limit the use of anthelmintics in the population to preserve their efficacy through delaying further development of resistance.
OBJECTIVE: To develop evidence-based guidelines utilising a modified GRADE framework.
METHODS: A panel of veterinary scientists with relevant expertise and experience was convened. Relevant research questions were identified and developed with associated search terms being defined. Evidence in the veterinary literature was evaluated using the GRADE evidence-to-decision framework. Literature searches were performed utilising CAB abstracts and PubMed. Where there was insufficient evidence to answer the research question the panel developed practical guidance based on their collective knowledge and experience.
RESULTS: Search results are presented, and recommendation or practical guidance were made in response to 37 clinically relevant questions relating to the use of anthelmintics in horses.
CONCLUSIONS: There was insufficient evidence to answer many of the questions with any degree of certainty and practical guidance frequently had to be based upon extrapolation of relevant information and the panel members\' collective experience and opinions.
CONCLUSIONS: Equine parasite control practices and current recommendations have a weak evidence base. These guidelines highlight changes in equine parasite control that should be considered to reduce the threat of parasite-associated disease and delay the development of further anthelmintic resistance.

BACKGROUND: Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is a prevalent, age-related chronic disorder in equids. Diagnosis of PPID can be challenging because of its broad spectrum of clinical presentations and disparate published diagnostic criteria, and there are limited available treatment options.
OBJECTIVE: To develop evidence-based primary care guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of equine PPID based on the available literature.
METHODS: Evidence-based clinical guideline using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework.
METHODS: Research questions were proposed by a panel of veterinarians and developed into PICO or another structured format. VetSRev and Veterinary Evidence were searched for evidence summaries, and systematic searches of the NCBI PubMed and CAB Direct databases were conducted using keyword searches in July 2022 and updated in January 2023. The evidence was evaluated using the GRADE framework.
CONCLUSIONS: The research questions were categorised into four areas: (A) Case selection for diagnostic testing, pre-test probability and diagnostic test accuracy, (B) interpretation of test results, (C) pharmacological treatments and other treatment/management options and (D) monitoring treated cases. Relevant veterinary publications were identified and assessed using the GRADE criteria. The results were developed into recommendations: (A) Case selection for diagnostic testing and diagnostic test accuracy: (i) The prevalence of PPID in equids aged ≥15 years is between 21% and 27%; (ii) hypertrichosis or delayed/incomplete hair coat shedding provides a high index of clinical suspicion for PPID; (iii) the combination of clinical signs and age informs the index of clinical suspicion prior to diagnostic testing; (iv) estimated pre-test probability of PPID should be considered in interpretation of diagnostic test results; (v) pre-test probability of PPID is low in equids aged <10 years; (vi) both pre-test probability of disease and season of testing have strong influence on the ability to diagnose PPID using basal adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or ACTH after thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation. The overall diagnostic accuracy of basal ACTH concentrations for diagnosing PPID ranged between 88% and 92% in the autumn and 70% and 86% in the non-autumn, depending on the pre-test probability. Based on a single study, the overall diagnostic accuracy of ACTH concentrations in response to TRH after 30 minutes for diagnosing PPID ranged between 92% and 98% in the autumn and 90% and 94% in the non-autumn, depending on the pre-test probability. Thus, it should be remembered that the risk of a false positive result increases in situations where there is a low pre-test probability, which could mean that treatment is initiated for PPID without checking for a more likely alternative diagnosis. This could compromise horse welfare due to the commencement of lifelong therapy and/or failing to identify and treat an alternative potentially life-threatening condition. (B) Interpretation of diagnostic tests: (i) There is a significant effect of breed on plasma ACTH concentration, particularly in the autumn with markedly higher ACTH concentrations in some but not all \'thrifty\' breeds; (ii) basal and/or post-TRH ACTH concentrations may also be affected by latitude/location, diet/feeding, coat colour, critical illness and trailer transport; (iii) mild pain is unlikely to have a large effect on basal ACTH, but caution may be required for more severe pain; (iv) determining diagnostic thresholds that allow for all possible contributory factors is not practical; therefore, the use of equivocal ranges is supported; (v) dynamic insulin testing and TRH stimulation testing may be combined, but TRH stimulation testing should not immediately follow an oral sugar test; (vi) equids with PPID and hyperinsulinaemia appear to be at higher risk of laminitis, but ACTH is not an independent predictor of laminitis risk. (C) Pharmacologic treatments and other treatment/management options: (i) Pergolide improves most clinical signs associated with PPID in the majority of affected animals; (ii) Pergolide treatment lowers basal ACTH concentrations and improves the ACTH response to TRH in many animals, but measures of insulin dysregulation (ID) are not altered in most cases; (iii) chasteberry has no effect on ACTH concentrations and there is no benefit to adding chasteberry to pergolide therapy; (iv) combination of cyproheptadine with pergolide is not superior to pergolide alone; (v) there is no evidence that pergolide has adverse cardiac effects in horses; (vi) Pergolide does not affect insulin sensitivity. (D) Monitoring pergolide-treated cases: (i) Hormone assays provide a crude indication of pituitary control in response to pergolide therapy, however it is unknown whether monitoring of ACTH concentrations and titrating of pergolide doses accordingly is associated with improved endocrinological or clinical outcome; (ii) it is unknown whether monitoring the ACTH response to TRH or clinical signs is associated with an improved outcome; (iii) there is very weak evidence to suggest that increasing pergolide dose in autumn months may be beneficial; (iv) there is little advantage in waiting for more than a month to perform follow-up endocrine testing following initiation of pergolide therapy; there may be merit in performing repeat tests sooner; (v) timing of sampling in relation to pergolide dosing does not confound measurement of ACTH concentration; (vi) there is no evidence that making changes after interpretation of ACTH concentrations measured at certain times of the year is associated with improved outcomes; (vii) evidence is very limited, however, compliance with PPID treatment appears to be poor and it is unclear whether this influences clinical outcome; (viii) evidence is very limited, but horses with clinical signs of PPID are likely to shed more nematode eggs than horses without clinical signs of PPID; it is unclear whether this results in an increased risk of parasitic disease or whether there is a need for more frequent assessment of faecal worm egg counts.
CONCLUSIONS: Limited relevant publications in the veterinary scientific literature.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings should be used to inform decision-making in equine primary care practice.

UNASSIGNED: Hippotherapy, an equine-assisted service, uses the movement of the horse as a treatment tool. Hippotherapy is often used by occupational therapists, physiotherapists, and speech and language pathologists. To optimise hippotherapy and facilitate the development of transdisciplinary hippotherapy practise guidelines, this scoping review identified novel hippotherapy concepts used during hippotherapy interventions for clients with spastic cerebral palsy.
UNASSIGNED: To explore, identify, and describe concepts that constitute hippotherapy practices for clients with spastic cerebral palsy.
UNASSIGNED: An exploratory descriptive qualitative research design, using Arksey and O\'Malley\'s five stages of scoping review.
UNASSIGNED: We identified and tabulated 19 hippotherapy concepts.
UNASSIGNED: Hippotherapy is a complex intervention with multiple concepts. This review contributed to the development of hippotherapy practice guidelines for clients with spastic cerebral palsy.
UNASSIGNED: Including hippotherapy concepts into hippotherapy practice will inform therapists, benefit clients, and contribute to future research.

BACKGROUND: Allergic skin diseases are common in horses worldwide. The most common causes are insect bites and environmental allergens.
OBJECTIVE: To review the current literature and provide consensus on pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
METHODS: The authors reviewed the literature up to November 2022. Results were presented at North America Veterinary Dermatology Forum (2021) and European Veterinary Dermatology Congress (2021). The report was available to member organisations of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology for feedback.
CONCLUSIONS: Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is the best characterised allergic skin disease. An immunoglobulin (Ig)E response against Culicoides salivary antigens is widely documented. Genetics and environmental factors play important roles. Tests with high sensitivity and specificity are lacking, and diagnosis of IBH is based on clinical signs, seasonality and response to insect control. Eosinophils, interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-31 are explored as therapeutic targets. Presently, the most effective treatment is insect avoidance. Existing evidence does not support allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) using commercially available extracts of Culicoides. Hypersensitivity to environmental allergens (atopic dermatitis) is the next most common allergy. A role for IgE is supported by serological investigation, skin test studies and positive response to ASIT. Prospective, controlled, randomised studies are limited, and treatment relies largely on glucocorticoids, antihistamines and ASIT based on retrospective studies. Foods are known triggers for urticaria, yet their role in pruritic dermatitis is unknown. Recurrent urticaria is common in horses, yet our understanding is limited and focussed on IgE and T-helper 2 cell response. Prospective, controlled studies on treatments for urticaria are lacking. Glucocorticoids and antihistamines are primary reported treatments.
BACKGROUND: Les dermatoses allergiques sont courantes chez les chevaux dans le monde entier. Les causes les plus fréquentes sont les piqûres d\'insectes et les allergènes environnementaux.
OBJECTIVE: Examiner la littérature actuelle et établir un consensus sur la pathogénie, le diagnostic, le traitement et la prévention. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Les auteurs ont passé en revue la littérature jusqu\'en novembre 2022. Les résultats ont été présentés au « North America Veterinary Dermatology Forum » (2021) et à l’« European Veterinary Dermatology Congress » (2021). Le rapport a été soumis organisations membres de l\'Association mondiale de dermatologie vétérinaire afin de recueillir leurs commentaires.
UNASSIGNED: L\'hypersensibilité aux piqûres d\'insectes (IBH) est l’affection cutanée allergique la mieux caractérisée. Une réponse médiée par les immunoglobulines (Ig)E contre les antigènes salivaires des Culicoides est largement documentée. Des facteurs génétique et les environnementaux jouent un rôle important. Des tests suffisamment sensible et spécifique font défaut, et le diagnostic de l\'IBH est fondé sur les signes cliniques, la saisonnalité et la réponse au contrôle des insectes. Les éosinophiles, l\'interleukine (IL)-5 et l\'IL-31 sont explorés comme cibles thérapeutiques. Actuellement, le traitement le plus efficace consiste en l’éviction parasitaire. Les données actuelles ne permettent pas de recommander l\'immunothérapie spécifique (ASIT) avec des extraits de culicoïdes disponibles dans le commerce. L\'hypersensibilité aux allergènes environnementaux (dermatite atopique) est le second type d’allergie le plus fréquent. Une implication des IgE est étayée par les tests sérologiques et cutanés et la réponse favorable à l\'ASIT. Les études prospectives, contrôlées et randomisées sont limitées et le traitement repose en grande partie sur les glucocorticoïdes, les antihistaminiques et l\'ASIT selon les données des études rétrospectives. Les aliments sont des déclencheurs connus de l\'urticaire, mais leur rôle dans les dermatites prurigineuses est inconnu. L\'urticaire récurrente est courante chez les chevaux, mais notre compréhension est limitée et axée sur la réponse des cellules IgE et T-helper 2. Des études prospectives contrôlées sur les traitements de l\'urticaire font défaut. Les glucocorticoïdes et les antihistaminiques sont les principaux traitements rapportés.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Las enfermedades alérgicas de la piel son comunes en los caballos en todo el mundo. Las causas más comunes son las picaduras de insectos y los alérgenos ambientales. OBJETIVOS: Revisar la literatura actual y brindar consenso sobre patogenia, diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: los autores revisaron la literatura hasta noviembre de 2022. Los resultados se presentaron en el Foro de Dermatología Veterinaria de América del Norte (2021) y el Congreso Europeo de Dermatología Veterinaria (2021). El informe estuvo disponible para las organizaciones miembros de la Asociación Mundial de Dermatología Veterinaria para recibir comentarios. CONCLUSIONES Y RELEVANCIA CLÍNICA: clínica- La hipersensibilidad a las picaduras de insectos (IBH) es la enfermedad alérgica de la piel mejor caracterizada. Una respuesta de inmunoglobulina (Ig)E contra antígenos salivales de Culicoides está ampliamente documentada. La genética y los factores ambientales juegan un papel importante. Faltan pruebas con alta sensibilidad y especificidad, y el diagnóstico de IBH se basa en los signos clínicos, la estacionalidad y la respuesta al control de insectos. Los eosinófilos, la interleucina (IL)-5 y la IL-31 se exploran como dianas terapéuticas. Actualmente, el tratamiento más efectivo es evitar los insectos. La evidencia existente no respalda la inmunoterapia específica de alérgenos (ASIT) con extractos de Culicoides disponibles comercialmente. La hipersensibilidad a los alérgenos ambientales (dermatitis atópica) es la siguiente alergia más común. El papel de la IgE está respaldado por la investigación serológica, los estudios de pruebas cutáneas y la respuesta positiva a ASIT. Los estudios prospectivos, controlados y al azarson limitados y el tratamiento se basa en gran medida en glucocorticoides, antihistamínicos y ASIT según estudios retrospectivos. Los alimentos son desencadenantes conocidos de la urticaria, pero se desconoce su papel en la dermatitis pruriginosa. La urticaria recurrente es común en los caballos, sin embargo, nuestra comprensión es limitada y se centra en la respuesta de las células IgE y T-helper 2. Faltan estudios prospectivos y controlados sobre tratamientos para la urticaria. Los glucocorticoides y los antihistamínicos son los principales tratamientos reportados. Actualmente, el tratamiento más efectivo es evitar los insectos. La evidencia existente no respalda la inmunoterapia específica de alérgenos (ASIT) con extractos de Culicoides disponibles comercialmente. La hipersensibilidad a los alérgenos ambientales (dermatitis atópica) es la siguiente alergia más común. El papel de la IgE está respaldado por la investigación serológica, los estudios de pruebas cutáneas y la respuesta positiva a ASIT. Los estudios prospectivos, controlados y al azar son limitados y el tratamiento se basa en gran medida en glucocorticoides, antihistamínicos y ASIT según estudios retrospectivos. Los alimentos son desencadenantes conocidos de la urticaria, pero se desconoce su papel en la dermatitis pruriginosa. La urticaria recurrente es común en los caballos, sin embargo, nuestra comprensión es limitada y se centra en la respuesta de las células IgE y T-helper 2. Faltan estudios prospectivos y controlados sobre tratamientos para la urticaria. Los glucocorticoides y los antihistamínicos son los principales tratamientos reportados.
UNASSIGNED: Allergische Hauterkrankungen kommen bei Pferden auf der ganzen Welt häufig vor. Die häufigsten Ursachen sind Insektenstiche und Umweltallergene.
UNASSIGNED: Das Ziel dieser Studie war die Durchführung einer Review der momentanen Literatur und Darstellung eines Konsenses in Bezug auf die Pathogenese, die Diagnose, die Therapie und die Vorbeugung.
UNASSIGNED: Die Autoren überprüften die Literatur bis in den November 2022. Die Ergebnisse wurden beim North American Veterinary Dermatology Forum (2021) und beim Europäischen Veterinärdermatologie Kongress (2021) präsentiert. Der Bericht wurde Mitgliedsorganisationen der World Association for Veterinary Dermatology für ein Feedback zur Verfügung gestellt.
UNASSIGNED: Die Insektenstich Hypersensibilität (IBH) ist die am besten beschriebene allergische Hauterkrankung. Eine Immunglobulin (Ig) E Antwort auf Culicoides Speichelallergene ist häufig beschrieben. Die Genetik und Umweltfaktoren spielen dabei eine wichtige Rolle. Es fehlen Tests mit hoher Sensibilität und Spezifität und die Diagnose von IBH basiert auf klinischen Zeichen, Saisonalität und Reaktion auf Insektenkontrolle. Eosinophile, Interleukin (IL)-5 und IL-31 werden als therapeutische Angriffspunkte untersucht. Zurzeit ist die Insektenvermeidung die am besten wirksame Therapie. Die bestehende Evidenz spricht nicht für eine Allergen-spezifische Immuntherapie (ASIT) mit kommerziell verfügbaren Culicoides Extrakten. Die Hypersensibilität auf Umweltallergene (Atopische Dermatitis) ist die zweithäufigste Allergie. Eine Rolle für IgE wird durch serologische Untersuchungen, Hautteststudien und positive Reaktionen auf ASIT gestärkt. Prospektive, kontrollierte, randomisierte Studien sind limitiert und die Behandlung stützt sich hauptsächlich auf Glukokortikoide, Antihistamine und ASIT basierend auf retrospektiven Studien. Futter stellen bekannte Auslöser für Urticaria dar, allerdings ist ihre Rolle bei der juckenden Dermatitis unbekannt. Wiederkehrende Urticaria treten bei Pferden häufig auf, unser Verständnis ist diesbezüglich aber limitiert und konzentriert sich auf Reaktionen von IgE und T2-Helferzellen. Prospektive kontrollierte Studien über die Behandlungen von Urticaria fehlen. Glukokortikoide und Antihistamine sind die am häufigsten beschriebenen Behandlungen.
背景: アレルギー性皮膚疾患は世界中の馬でよく見られる。主な原因は虫刺されや環境アレルゲンである。 目的: 本研究の目的は、 現在の文献をレビューし、病態、診断、治療、予防に関するコンセンサスを得ることであった。 材料と方法: 著者らは 2022 年 11 月までの文献をレビューした。結果は、North America Veterinary Dermatology Forum(2021年)およびEuropean Veterinary Dermatology Congress(2021年)で発表した。報告書は世界獣医皮膚科学会の会員団体に提供し、フィードバックを得た。 結論と臨床的関連性: 虫刺され過敏症(IBH)は、最も特徴的なアレルギー性皮膚疾患である。サシバエの唾液抗原に対する免疫グロブリン(Ig)E応答は広く報告されている。遺伝および環境因子が重要な役割を果たす。IBHの診断は、臨床症状、季節性、防虫への反応に基づいて行われる。好酸球、インターロイキン(IL)-5、IL-31が治療標的として探索されている。現在のところ、最も効果的な治療法は昆虫の忌避である。既存のエビデンスは、市販のサシバエ抽出物を用いたアレルゲン特異的免疫療法(ASIT)を支持しない。環境アレルゲンに対する過敏症(アトピー性皮膚炎)は、次に多いアレルギーである。IgEの役割は、血清学的調査、皮膚試験、およびASITに対する陽性反応によって裏付けられている。プロスペクティブな無作為化対照試験は限られており、治療は主にグルココルチコイド、抗ヒスタミン剤、レトロスペクティブな研究に基づくASITに頼っている。食品は蕁麻疹の誘因として知られているが、痒みのある皮膚炎におけるその役割は不明である。蕁麻疹の再発は馬によく見られるが、我々の理解は限られており、IgEとヘルパーT2細胞反応に焦点を当てている。蕁麻疹の治療法に関するプロスペクティブな対照試験は不足している。グルココルチコイドと抗ヒスタミン剤が主な治療法として報告されている.
背景: 过敏性皮肤病在世界各地的马中很常见。最常见的原因是昆虫叮咬和环境过敏原。 目的: 回顾现有达成共识的文献，就发病机制、诊断、治疗和预防。 材料和方法: 作者回顾了截至2022年11月的文献。研究结果在北美兽医皮肤病论坛(2021)和欧洲兽医皮肤病大会(2021)上公布。该报告可供世界兽医皮肤病学协会的成员组织反馈。 结论和临床相关性: 虫咬超敏反应(IBH)是最具特征的过敏性皮肤病。针对库蚊唾液抗原的免疫球蛋白(Ig)E反应已被广泛记录。遗传和环境因素起着重要作用。缺乏高灵敏度和特异性的测试，IBH的诊断是基于临床症状、季节性和对昆虫控制的反应。嗜酸性粒细胞、白细胞介素(IL)-5和IL-31被探索作为治疗靶点。目前，最有效的治疗方法是避开昆虫。现有证据不支持使用市售库蚊提取物的过敏原特异性免疫疗法(ASIT)。对环境过敏原过敏(特应性皮炎)是第二常见的过敏。血清学调查、皮肤试验研究和ASIT阳性反应支持了IgE的作用。前瞻性、对照、随机研究有限，治疗主要依赖于基于回顾性研究的糖皮质激素、抗组胺药和ASIT。食物是已知的荨麻疹诱因，但它们在瘙痒性皮炎中的作用尚不清楚。复发性荨麻疹在马中很常见，但我们的理解有限，主要集中在IgE和辅助T细胞2的反应上。缺乏关于荨麻疹治疗的前瞻性对照研究。糖皮质激素和抗组胺药是主要的治疗方法.
UNASSIGNED: Dermatopatias alérgicas são comuns em equinos em todo o mundo. As principais causas são picadas de insetos e alérgenos ambientais.
OBJECTIVE: Revisar a literatura atual e produzir um consenso sobre patogênese, diagnóstico, tratamento e prevenção. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Os autores revisaram a literatura até novembro de 2022. Os resultados foram apresentados no North America Veterinary Dermatology Forum (2021) e no European Veterinary Dermatology Congress (2021). O relatório estava disponível para as organizações membro da World Association for Veterinary Dermatology para que dessem seu feedback. CONCLUSÕES E RELEVÂNCIA CLÍNICA: Hipersensibilidade a picada de insentos (IBH) é a dermatopatia alérgica melhor caracterizada. Resposta mediada por imunoglobulina (Ig)E contra antígenos salivares de Culicoides é amplamente documentada. Genética e fatores ambientais possuem participação importante. São poucos os testes com alta sensibilidade e especificidade, e o diagnóstico de IBH é baseado em sinais clínicos, sazonalidade e resposta ao controle de insetos. Eosinófilos, interleucina (IL)-5 e IL-31 estão sendo exploradas como alvos terapêuticos. Atualmente, o tratamento mais eficaz é evitar o contato com os insetos. As evidências existentes não corroboram com a utilização de imunoterapia alérgeno-específica (ASIT) utilizando extratos comerciais de Culicoides. Hipersensibilidade a alérgenos ambientais (dermatite atópica) é a segunda alergopatia mais comum. Investigação sorológica, testes cutâneos e resposta positiva à ASIT confirmam a participação de IgE. Estudos prospectivos placebo-controle randomisados são limitados e o tratamento é feito com glicocorticoides, antihistamínicos e ASIT baseado em estudos retrospectivos. Alimentos são gatilhos conhecidos para urticária, mas a sua participação em dermatopatias pruriginosas é desconhecida. Urticária recorrente é comum em equinos, apesar de o nosso conhecimento ser ainda limitado e focado em IgE e respostas de células T-helper 2. Faltam estudos prospectivos e controlados sobre tratamentos para urticária. Glicocorticoides e antihistamínicos são os principais tratamentos relatados.

暂无摘要。

The faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) remains the method of choice for establishing the efficacy of anthelmintic compounds in the field, including the diagnosis of anthelmintic resistance. We present a guideline for improving the standardization and performance of the FECRT that has four sections. In the first section, we address the major issues relevant to experimental design, choice of faecal egg count (FEC) method, statistical analysis, and interpretation of the FECRT results. In the second section, we make a series of general recommendations that are applicable across all animals addressed in this guideline. In the third section, we provide separate guidance details for cattle, small ruminants (sheep and goats), horses and pigs to address the issues that are specific to the different animal types. Finally, we provide overviews of the specific details required to conduct an FECRT for each of the different host species. To address the issues of statistical power vs. practicality, we also provide two separate options for each animal species; (i) a version designed to detect small changes in efficacy that is intended for use in scientific studies, and (ii) a less resource-intensive version intended for routine use by veterinarians and livestock owners to detect larger changes in efficacy. Compared to the previous FECRT recommendations, four important differences are noted. First, it is now generally recommended to perform the FECRT based on pre- and post-treatment FEC of the same animals (paired study design), rather than on post-treatment FEC of both treated and untreated (control) animals (unpaired study design). Second, instead of requiring a minimum mean FEC (expressed in eggs per gram (EPG)) of the group to be tested, the new requirement is for a minimum total number of eggs to be counted under the microscope (cumulative number of eggs counted before the application of a conversion factor). Third, we provide flexibility in the required size of the treatment group by presenting three separate options that depend on the (expected) number of eggs counted. Finally, these guidelines address all major livestock species, and the thresholds for defining reduced efficacy are adapted and aligned to host species, anthelmintic drug and parasite species. In conclusion, these new guidelines provide improved methodology and standardization of the FECRT for all major livestock species.

Horses and other equids can be infected with several viruses of the family Flaviviridae, belonging to the genus Flavivirus and Hepacivirus. This consensus statement focuses on viruses with known occurrence in Europe, with the objective to summarize the current literature and formulate clinically relevant evidence-based recommendations regarding clinical disease, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The viruses circulating in Europe include West Nile virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, Usutu virus, Louping ill virus and the equine hepacivirus. West Nile virus and Usutu virus are mosquito-borne, while tick-borne encephalitis virus and Louping ill virus are tick-borne. The natural route of transmission for equine hepacivirus remains speculative. West Nile virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus can induce encephalitis in infected horses. In the British Isle, rare equine cases of encephalitis associated with Louping ill virus are reported. In contrast, equine hepacivirus infections are associated with mild acute hepatitis and possibly chronic hepatitis. Diagnosis of flavivirus infections is made primarily by serology, although cross-reactivity occurs. Virus neutralization testing is considered the gold standard to differentiate between flavivirus infections in horses. Hepacivirus infection is detected by serum or liver RT-PCR. No direct antiviral treatment against flavi- or hepacivirus infections in horses is currently available and thus, treatment is supportive. Three vaccines against West Nile virus are licensed in the European Union. Geographic expansion of flaviviruses pathogenic for equids should always be considered a realistic threat, and it would be beneficial if their detection was included in surveillance programs.

Electrochemotherapy (ECT) consists in the application of electric pulses to increase chemotherapeutic drug intake (bleomycin, cisplatin, or calcium) into the tumor cells. It has become a very valuable treatment option in veterinary oncology. It is an effective and safe treatment modality, which is not only beneficial as a palliative treatment, but also for a curative approach. Performing the treatment adequately will ensure the best results possible, in the minimum number of sessions, and reduce complications. Usually, only one session is enough to achieve excellent results, but the treatment can be repeated. Several sessions can be necessary in the case of incompletely treated or very extended lesions, as well as in the occurrence of new lesions. ECT is effective for superficial or oral tumors of any histology that are accessible to the electrodes. Intravenous bleomycin is the preferred drug and route of administration, leaving other ways of administration and drugs for selected cases. The guidelines presented here are destined to veterinarians who want to develop their understanding of the basis of ECT and wish to perform it adequately and effectively. In this paper, we also discuss common problems and how to solve them, and we include practical tips to improve the treatment results based on common questions and mistakes of beginner users.

Current consensus defines mild-moderate equine asthma (mEA; previously inflammatory airway disease) by a hierarchy of indicators of lung pathology: cough, poor performance, increased tracheobronchial mucus, inflammatory bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology and pulmonary dysfunction. Exclusion criteria include fever, systemic disease, or increased resting respiratory effort. The aim of this review was to inform future research by identifying gaps, strengths and weaknesses in the current body of evidence supporting this consensus-proposed definition. Objectives were to critique evidence supporting the inclusion of each diagnostic indicator in the case definition, by summarising and evaluating evidence for its association with higher-level indicators of lung inflammation. Searches of three databases identified 2275 articles relating to mEA or its diagnostic indicators, from which 298 full-text articles were screened and 45 reviewed in full. Studies (n = 44) had been performed worldwide in clinics, hospitals, racetracks, yards or research herds, in 6092 horses. Studies were predominantly opportunistic observational (n = 13/44: 29.5%) or cross-sectional (n = 11/44; 25%). The median number of horses per study was 74. Where breed and use were reported most were Thoroughbreds (58.2%; 2730/4688) and racehorses (72.8%; n = 3960/5439). Domains rated as high risk of bias in almost 50% of articles were \'study power\' and \'masking\'. Heterogeneity in clinical and laboratory measures precluded meta-analysis. Evidence was more consistent for certain pairwise relationships (e.g., between cough and tracheobronchial mucus) than others (e.g., BAL cytology and lung function). Findings highlight the need for increased standardisation of diagnostic methods and reporting to facilitate future systematic review and meta-analysis.