在过去的二十年中,牛肉对美国牛肉供应的贡献从6.9%增加到16.3%;由于肉牛数量的减少和更多地使用性别奶牛精液从最好的奶牛生产遗传上优越的替代母牛。与饲喂牛肉品种的牛相比,饲养奶牛用于牛肉生产提供了独特的机遇和挑战。奶牛牛提供可预测和均匀的整理牛性能(ADG,QI,G:F)作为一个整体,与牛肉牛同行相比,平均质量等级更高。然而,与牛肉牛肉相比,由于骨骼与肌肉的比例更高,因此乳制品牛肉的调味料百分比较低,并且红肉产量低2%-12%,内部脂肪,器官大小,和胃肠道重量。此外,牛肉的尸体可能会在牛肉包装行业带来问题,与牛肉品种的尸体相比,荷斯坦尸体更长,泽西尸体的重量更轻。一些奶牛场正在实施牛肉×奶类杂交育种策略,以增加奶牛小牛的收入,而牛肉×乳制品杂交策略也可以提高美国奶牛群生产的牛肉的G:F和红肉产量。这种从奶牛群生产牛肉的替代模型并非没有挑战,并且迄今为止已经产生了可变的结果。在养牛业中成功采用牛肉×奶类杂交育种将取决于适当选择在产卵容易方面表现出色的牛肉母猪,增长,肌肉运动,和大理石花纹性状,以补充牛肉生产中涉及的乳制品遗传学。
在过去的二十年中,对美国饲喂牛肉供应做出贡献的奶牛数量从6.9%增加到16.3%。与饲喂肉牛品种相比,为牛肉生产饲养奶牛品种提供了独特的机遇和挑战。奶牛牛提供可预测和均匀的整理牛性能(ADG,QI,G:F)作为一个整体,与牛肉牛同行相比,平均质量等级更高。由于骨骼与肌肉的比例更高,因此与牛肉牛肉相比,乳制品牛肉的红肉含量更低。内部脂肪,器官大小,和胃肠道重量。使用激素植入物和β-肾上腺素能激动剂等促进生长的技术可以帮助改善牛的生产性能,并增加受乳制品影响的牛的红肉产量。此外,一些奶牛场正在实施牛肉×奶牛杂交策略,以增加牛犊的收入,而牛肉×乳制品杂交策略也可以提高收益:从美国奶牛群生产的牛肉的饲料和红肉产量。在养牛业中成功采用牛肉×奶牛杂交育种将取决于适当选择牛肉父亲,以补充牛肉遗传学在牛肉生产中遇到的挑战和机遇。应进一步研究早期的小牛管理实践,以确定其对奶牛养殖场生产的小牛的后续整理性能和car体特征的影响。
The contribution of dairy steers to the U.S. fed beef supply has increased from 6.9% to 16.3% over the last two decades; in part, due to declining beef cow numbers and the increased use of sexed dairy semen to produce genetically superior replacement heifers from the best dairy cows. Raising dairy cattle for beef production offers unique opportunities and challenges when compared with feeding cattle from beef breeds. Dairy steers offer predictable and uniform finishing cattle performance (ADG, DMI, G:F) as a group and more desirable quality grades on average compared with their beef steer counterparts. However, dairy steers have lesser dressing percentages and yield 2%-12% less red meat compared with beef steers due to a greater ratio of bone to muscle, internal fat, organ size, and gastrointestinal tract weight. In addition, carcasses from dairy steers can present problems in the beef packing industry, with
Holstein carcasses being longer and Jersey carcasses being lighter weight than carcasses from beef breeds. Beef × dairy crossbreeding strategies are being implemented on some dairy farms to increase the income generated from dairy bull calves, while beef × dairy crossbreeding strategies can also improve the G:F and red meat yield of beef produced from the U.S. dairy herd. This alternative model of beef production from the dairy herd is not without its challenges and has resulted in variable results thus far. Successful adoption of beef × dairy crossbreeding in the cattle industry will depend on the proper selection of beef sires that excel in calving ease, growth, muscling, and marbling traits to complement the dairy genetics involved in beef production.
The number of dairy steers contributing to the U.S. fed beef supply has increased from 6.9% to 16.3% over the last two decades. Raising dairy cattle breeds for beef production offers unique opportunities and challenges when compared with feeding beef cattle breeds. Dairy steers offer predictable and uniform finishing cattle performance (ADG, DMI, G:F) as a group and more desirable quality grades on average compared with their beef steer counterparts. Dairy steers yield less red meat compared with beef steers due to a greater ratio of bone to muscle, internal fat, organ size, and gastrointestinal tract weight. The use of growth-promoting technologies such as hormonal implants and β-adrenergic agonists can help improve finishing cattle performance and increase the red meat yield of dairy-influenced steers. In addition, beef × dairy crossbreeding strategies are being implemented on some dairy farms to increase the income generated from bull calves, while beef × dairy crossbreeding strategies can also improve the gain:feed and red meat yield of beef produced from the U.S. dairy herd. Successful adoption of beef × dairy crossbreeding in the cattle industry will depend on the proper selection of beef sires to complement the challenges and opportunities experienced with dairy genetics for beef production. Early calfhood management practices should be investigated further to determine their impacts on the subsequent finishing performance and carcass characteristics of calves produced by dairy farms for beef production.