这篇综述全面概述了益生菌研究的现状,涵盖广泛的主题,包括菌株识别,功能表征,临床前和临床评估,行动机制,治疗应用,制造考虑,和未来的方向。潜在益生菌的筛选过程涉及表型和基因组分析,以鉴定具有健康促进特性的菌株,同时排除具有可能对宿主有害的任何因素的菌株。用于评估益生菌性状如酸耐受性的体外测定,胆汁代谢,粘合性能,和抗菌作用的描述。这篇综述强调了益生菌缓解炎症性肠病的体内研究的有希望的发现,化疗引起的粘膜炎,生态失调,肥胖,糖尿病,骨骼健康,主要通过免疫调节和调节人类和动物模型中的局部微生物群。还提供了证明代谢疾病和人类中枢神经系统功能的有益调节的临床研究。制造过程显着影响增长,生存能力,和益生菌的特性,和产品基质的组成和补充益生元或其他菌株可以改变它们的效果。缺乏监管监督引发了人们对质量的担忧,安全,和商业益生菌的标签准确性,特别是弱势群体。多组学方法的进步,尤其是原生物基因组学,将更深入地了解益生菌功能背后的机制,允许个性化和有针对性的益生菌疗法。然而,至关重要的是同时专注于改善制造实践,实施质量控制标准,并建立监管监督,以确保益生菌产品在治疗应用不断增加的情况下的安全性和有效性。
This
review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of probiotic research, covering a wide range of topics, including strain identification, functional characterization, preclinical and clinical evaluations, mechanisms of action, therapeutic applications, manufacturing considerations, and future directions. The screening process for potential probiotics involves phenotypic and genomic analysis to identify strains with health-promoting properties while excluding those with any factor that could be harmful to the host. In vitro assays for evaluating probiotic traits such as acid tolerance, bile metabolism, adhesion properties, and antimicrobial effects are described. The
review highlights promising findings from in vivo studies on probiotic mitigation of inflammatory bowel diseases, chemotherapy-induced mucositis, dysbiosis, obesity, diabetes, and bone health, primarily through immunomodulation and modulation of the local microbiota in human and animal models. Clinical studies demonstrating beneficial modulation of metabolic diseases and human central nervous system function are also presented. Manufacturing processes significantly impact the growth, viability, and properties of probiotics, and the composition of the product matrix and supplementation with prebiotics or other strains can modify their effects. The lack of regulatory oversight raises concerns about the quality, safety, and labeling accuracy of commercial probiotics, particularly for vulnerable populations. Advancements in multi-omics approaches, especially probiogenomics, will provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms behind probiotic functionality, allowing for personalized and targeted probiotic therapies. However, it is crucial to simultaneously focus on improving manufacturing practices, implementing quality control standards, and establishing regulatory oversight to ensure the safety and efficacy of probiotic products in the face of increasing therapeutic applications.