在过去的几十年里,气候变化一直是全球最复杂的问题之一。以全球天气模式的变化为特征,伴随着地球温度的升高,气候变化无疑将对粮食安全和食品安全产生重大影响。气候变化导致气候多变性:天气变量及其频率的显着变化。气候多变性和气候变化都被认为通过不同的途径威胁着食品供应链的安全。一个这样的途径是通过影响食源性疾病的发生来加剧食源性疾病的能力,持久性,毒力和,在某些情况下,某些致病微生物组的毒性。食品安全也会受到各种化学危害的影响,比如杀虫剂,霉菌毒素,和重金属。随着天气模式的变化,例如较低的降雨量,较高的空气温度,极端天气事件的频率更高,这转化为新出现的食品安全问题。其中包括用于灌溉农产品的安全用水短缺,由于抗病虫害而更多地使用杀虫剂,实现良好控制的冷链的难度增加,导致温度滥用,或者山洪的发生,导致天然水道中化学污染物的径流。一起,这些会导致食源性感染,中毒,抗菌素耐药性,以及化学物质和重金属在人体中的长期生物积累。此外,严重的气候变化会导致极端天气事件和自然灾害,直接或间接损害食品安全。这篇综述讨论了气候变化和变异性对现有和新出现的食品安全风险的原因和影响,并考虑了应对全球变暖和气候变化问题的缓解和适应策略。
Throughout the past decades, climate change has been one of the most complex global issues. Characterized by worldwide alterations in weather patterns, along with a concomitant increase in the temperature of the Earth, climate change will undoubtedly have significant effects on food security and food safety. Climate change engenders climate variability: significant variations in weather variables and their frequency. Both climate variability and climate change are thought to threaten the safety of the food supply chain through different pathways. One such pathway is the ability to exacerbate foodborne diseases by influencing the occurrence, persistence, virulence and, in some cases, toxicity of certain groups of disease-causing microorganisms. Food safety can also be compromised by various chemical hazards, such as pesticides, mycotoxins, and heavy metals. With changes in weather patterns, such as lower rainfall, higher air temperature, and higher frequency of extreme weather events among others, this translates to emerging food safety concerns. These include the shortage of safe water for irrigation of agricultural produce, greater use of pesticides due to pest resistance, increased difficulty in achieving a well-controlled cold chain resulting in temperature abuse, or the occurrence of flash floods, which cause runoff of chemical contaminants in natural water courses. Together, these can result in foodborne infection, intoxication, antimicrobial resistance, and long-term bioaccumulation of chemicals and heavy metals in the human body. Furthermore, severe climate variability can result in extreme weather events and natural calamities, which directly or indirectly impair food safety. This
review discusses the causes and impacts of climate change and variability on existing and emerging food safety risks and also considers mitigation and adaptation strategies to address the global warming and climate change problem.