扑热息痛(PCT),也被称为对乙酰氨基酚,是一种用于治疗发烧和轻度至中度疼痛的药物。在被动物和人类食用后,它通过尿液排泄到下水道系统,污水处理厂,和其他水生/自然环境。已在污水处理厂处理的废水中检测到痕量,污水污泥,医院的废水,地表水,和饮用水。PCT会导致遗传密码受损,脂质的氧化降解,细胞中蛋白质的变性,它的毒性已经在细菌中得到了很好的证明,藻类,大型植物,原生动物,和鱼。为了避免它对生物有害的健康问题,强大的Fenton和基于Fenton的处理作为卓越的高级氧化工艺(AOPs)已被开发,因为常规处理的处理效率低下。本文对Fenton技术从天然水中去除PCT的应用进行了全面而严格的审查。合成废水,和真正的废水。使用Fenton获得的特点和主要结果,照片-芬顿,电子芬顿,和光电芬顿被描述,特别强调产生的活性氧的氧化作用。基于与超声波耦合的混合过程,伽马辐射,光催化,光电催化,零价铁活化过硫酸盐,吸附,和微生物燃料电池,被分析。详细介绍了涉及等离子体滑动电弧放电和后生物过程的顺序处理。还描述和讨论了与其他可用AOP的比较结果。最后,据报道,在通过Fenton和基于Fenton的方法去除PCT期间检测到13种芳香族副产物和9种短线性脂肪族羧酸,提出了三种平行的途径来进行初始降解。
Paracetamol (PCT), also known as acetaminophen, is a drug used to treat fever and mild to moderate pain. After consumption by animals and humans, it is excreted through the urine to the sewer systems, wastewater treatment plants, and other aquatic/natural environments. It has been detected in trace amounts in effluents of wastewater plant treatments, sewage sludge, hospital wastewaters, surface waters, and drinking water. PCT can cause genetic code damage, oxidative degradation of lipids, and denaturation of protein in cells, and its toxicity has been well-proven in bacteria, algae, macrophytes, protozoan, and fishes. To avoid its harmful health problems over living beings, powerful
Fenton and
Fenton-based treatments as pre-eminent advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been developed because of the inefficient treatment by conventional treatments. This paper presents a comprehensive and critical
review over the application of such
Fenton technologies to remove PCT from natural waters, synthetic wastewaters, and real wastewaters. The characteristics and main results obtained using
Fenton, photo-
Fenton, electro-
Fenton, and photoelectro-
Fenton are described, making special emphasis in the oxidative action of the generated reactive oxygen species. Hybrid processes based on the coupling with ultrasounds, gamma radiation, photocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, zero-valent iron-activated persulfate, adsorption, and microbial fuel cells, are analyzed. Sequential treatments involving the initiation with plasma gliding arc discharge and post-biological process are detailed. Comparative results with other available AOPs are also described and discussed. Finally, 13 aromatic by-products and 9 short-linear aliphatic carboxylic acid detected during the PCT removal by
Fenton and
Fenton-based processes are reported, with the proposal of three parallel pathways for its initial degradation.