To analyze the scientific evidence regarding changes in upper extremities in patients with Parkinson\'s disease who use virtual reality as part of their neurological rehabilitation treatment. The search was carried out in the following databases: MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, PEDROs and SCOPUS. The following inclusion criteria were applied to a total of 106 articles: Randomized clinical trials with an age of 5 years, the sample had to be of patients with PD (regardless of their state of involvement) and who had performed RV in the treatment of limbs superiors. A total of n=7 articles were used, in which the variables corresponding to upper limb motor control were measured, such as: fine motor dexterity, gross motor dexterity, strength, tremor, functionality and speed. Virtual Reality as tool in neurorehabilitation in patients with Parkinson\'s disease shows positive effects in all measurements related to upper limb motor control.

OBJECTIVE: Apathy, defined as a deficit for initiating and maintaining action, is a symptom affecting patients with diverse psychiatric and neuropsychiatric diseases, including dementia, sequelae of traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia, depression, and Parkinson\'s disease (PD). Apathy negatively affects function and quality of life of PD patients, and it is an important cause of caregiver\'s distress. The pharmacological treatment of apathy in PD is the focus of this systematic review.
METHODS: A comprehensive search and systematic selection was performed in different databases of original research papers on the treatment of apathy in PD. The results were then consolidated, and a critical analysis was made of the research papers. The results are then discussed according to the methodological standards for systematic reviews of the literature.
RESULTS: A total of 11 studies were included. Although some studies showed efficacy, all of them had important methodological limitations that hampered the interpretation of results. The results of the examined studies cannot be considered as evidence for guiding clinical decisions.
CONCLUSIONS: So far, no evidence-based recommendations can be offered for the treatment of apathy in PD. More studies with better methodological quality are needed. It is a potentially fruitful area for research and one badly needed by both PD patients and their caregivers.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson\'s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. However, diagnosing, assessing, and treating these patients is a complex process requiring continuous monitoring. In this context, smartphones may be useful in the management of patients with PD.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to perform a systematic review of the literature addressing the use of mobile phone applications (apps) in PD.
METHODS: We conducted a literature search of articles published in English or Spanish between 2011 and 2016 analysing or validating apps specifically designed for or useful in PD. In addition, we searched for apps potentially useful for PD patients in the leading app stores.
CONCLUSIONS: The literature and app searches yielded a total of 125 apps, 56 of which were classified as potentially useful in PD and 69 as specifically designed for PD (23 information apps, 29 assessment apps, 13 treatment apps, and 4 assessment and treatment apps). Numerous mobile apps are potentially useful in or specifically designed for PD management. However, scientific evidence of their usefulness is scarce and of poor quality. Further studies are needed to validate these tools and regulate their use.

Sensory stimuli or sensory cues are being used as a therapeutic tool for improving gait disorders in Parkinson\'s disease patients, but most studies seem to focus on auditory stimuli. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review regarding the use of visual cues over gait disorders, dual tasks during gait, freezing and the incidence of falls in patients with Parkinson to obtain therapeutic implications. We conducted a systematic review in main databases such as Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, TripDataBase, PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE and Physiotherapy Evidence Database, during 2005 to 2012, according to the recommendations of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials, evaluating the quality of the papers included with the Downs & Black Quality Index. 21 articles were finally included in this systematic review (with a total of 892 participants) with variable methodological quality, achieving an average of 17.27 points in the Downs and Black Quality Index (range: 11-21). Visual cues produce improvements over temporal-spatial parameters in gait, turning execution, reducing the appearance of freezing and falls in Parkinson\'s disease patients. Visual cues appear to benefit dual tasks during gait, reducing the interference of the second task. Further studies are needed to determine the preferred type of stimuli for each stage of the disease.