未经批准:蓝藻水华产生的毒素可能会被雾化,通过吸入暴露增加健康风险。这些毒素对下呼吸道的健康相关影响正在得到更好的理解。然而,鼻腔暴露于氰基毒素仍未得到充分研究,尤其是那些有神经毒性的人。这里,我们提出了一个病例系列研究,评估暴露于β-N-甲基氨基-1-丙氨酸(BMAA),一种与神经退行性疾病相关的蓝藻毒素,在患有不同阶段阿尔茨海默病(AD)的个体的死后嗅觉组织中。
UNASSIGNED:在2014年至2017年之间进行的尸检期间,从六个南佛罗里达州的大脑捐献者(年龄47-78岁)收集了嗅球(Ob)组织,其住所距离淡水身体不到140m。根据同行AOAC国际指南验证的三重四极杆串联质谱(UHPLC-MS/MS)方法用于检测BMAA和两种BMAA异构体:2,4-二氨基丁酸(2,4-DAB)和N-(2-氨基乙基)甘氨酸(AEG)。在对侧Ob上进行定量PCR以评估与促炎细胞因子(IL-6和IL-18)相关的基因的相对表达。凋亡途径(CASP1和BCL2),和线粒体应激(IRF1和PINK1)。还对邻近的嗅道(Ot)进行了免疫组织化学,以评估与BMAA组织浓度共存的神经病理学。
UNASSIGNED:在所有病例的Ob中均检测到BMAA,中位浓度为30.4ng/g(范围UNASSIGNED:我们的研究表明,蓝藻毒素BMAA可以在嗅觉途径中检测到,大脑的窗口,它的存在可能会增加促炎细胞因子的发生,反应性神经胶质,和对轴突过程的毒性。需要进一步的研究来评估BMAA通过这种暴露途径的毒性和增加易感性的因素。
UNASSIGNED: Cyanobacterial blooms produce toxins that may become aerosolized, increasing health risks through inhalation exposures. Health related effects on the lower respiratory tract caused by these toxins are becoming better understood. However, nasal exposures to cyanotoxins remain understudied, especially for those with neurotoxic potential. Here, we present a
case series study evaluating exposure to β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA), a cyanobacterial toxin linked to neurodegenerative disease, in postmortem olfactory tissues of individuals with varying stages of Alzheimer\'s disease (AD).
UNASSIGNED: Olfactory bulb (Ob) tissues were collected during autopsies performed between 2014 and 2017 from six South Florida brain donors (ages 47-78) with residences less than 140 m from a freshwater body. A triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method validated according to peer AOAC International guidelines was used to detect BMAA and two BMAA isomers: 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (2,4-DAB) and N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine (AEG). Quantitative PCR was performed on the contralateral Ob to evaluate the relative expression of genes related to proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 & IL-18), apoptotic pathways (CASP1 & BCL2), and mitochondrial stress (IRF1 & PINK1). Immunohistochemistry was also performed on the adjacent olfactory tract (Ot) to evaluate co-occurring neuropathology with BMAA tissue concentration.
UNASSIGNED: BMAA was detected in the Ob of all cases at a median concentration of 30.4 ng/g (Range
UNASSIGNED: Our study demonstrates that the cyanobacterial toxin BMAA can be detected in the olfactory pathway, a window to the brain, and its presence may increase the occurrence of proinflammatory cytokines, reactive glia, and toxicity to axonal processes. Further studies will be needed to evaluate BMAA\'s toxicity via this route of exposure and factors that increase susceptibility.