Background Studies have reported that people living with HIV have higher burden of subclinical cardiovascular disease, but the data are not adequately synthesized. We performed meta-analyses of studies of coronary artery calcium and coronary plaque in people living with HIV. Methods and Results We performed systematic search in electronic databases, and data were abstracted in standardized forms. Study-specific estimates were pooled using meta-analysis. 43 reports representing 27 unique studies and involving 10 867 participants (6699 HIV positive, 4168 HIV negative, mean age 52 years, 86% men, 32% Black) were included. The HIV-positive participants were younger (mean age 49 versus 57 years) and had lower Framingham Risk Score (mean score 6 versus 18) compared with the HIV-negative participants. The pooled estimate of percentage with coronary artery calcium >0 was 45% (95% CI, 43%-47%) for HIV-positive participants, and 52% (50%-53%) for HIV-negative participants. This difference was no longer significant after adjusting for difference in Framingham Risk Score between the 2 groups. The odds ratio of coronary artery calcium progression for HIV-positive versus -negative participants was 1.64 (95% CI, 0.91-2.37). The pooled estimate for prevalence of noncalcified plaque was 49% (95% CI, 47%-52%) versus 20% (95% CI, 17%-23%) for HIV-positive versus HIV-negative participants, respectively. Odds ratio for noncalcified plaque for HIV-positive versus -negative participants was 1.23 (95% CI, 1.08-1.38). There was significant heterogeneity that was only partially explained by available study-level characteristics. Conclusions People living with HIV have higher prevalence of noncalcified coronary plaques and similar prevalence of coronary artery calcium, compared with HIV-negative individuals. Future studies on coronary artery calcium and plaque progression can further elucidate subclinical atherosclerosis in people living with HIV.

Coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) has shown great technological improvements over the last 2 decades. High accuracy of CTA in detecting significant coronary stenosis has promoted CTA as a substitute for conventional invasive coronary angiography in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. In patients with coronary stenosis, CTA-derived physiological assessment is surrogate for intracoronary pressure and velocity wires, and renders possible decision-making about revascularization solely based on computed tomography. Computed tomography coronary anatomy with functionality assessment could potentially become a first line in diagnosis. Noninvasive imaging assessment of plaque burden and morphology is becoming a valuable substitute for intravascular imaging. Recently, wall shear stress and perivascular inflammation have been introduced. These assessments could support risk management for both primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention. Anatomy, functionality, and plaque composition by CTA tend to replace invasive assessment. Complete CTA assessment could provide a 1-stop-shop for diagnosis, risk management, and decision-making on treatment.

We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and cardiac as well as coronary impairment evaluated using imaging modalities. Finding of this study will provide more robust evidence regarding OSA-induced cardiovascular damage.
We systematically searched through PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane library databases for relevant literatures on the association between OSA and cardiovascular damage evaluated using imaging modalities, and manually searched the references of selected articles for additional relevant articles. For each clinical parameter relevant to the meta-analysis, we first evaluated the methodological heterogeneity of the relevant studies and thereafter pooled the data together using fixed effect or random effect model. The difference in the relevant indices of cardiovascular damage between OSA patients and controls was evaluated using the standardized mean difference.
Of the 82 articles included in the final systematic analysis, 20 studies explored the association between OSA and coronary atherosclerosis. OSA patients had higher rate of coronary atherosclerosis assessed by coronary artery calcification score and plaque volume. Moreover, the severity of OSA and coronary atherosclerosis displayed a positive correlation. The rest of the studies (n = 62) evaluated cardiac alterations in OSA patients. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 46 studies yielding 3082 OSA patients and 1774 controls were pooled for the meta-analysis. For left cardiac structure and function, OSA patients exhibited significantly wider left atrial diameter; higher left atrium volume index; wider left ventricular end-systolic diameter, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, and left ventricular mass; higher left ventricular mass index; wider interventricular septum diameter and posterior wall diameter; and higher left ventricular myocardial performance index (all p < 0.05). In addition, compared with controls, left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly decreased in OSA patients (p = 0.001). For right cardiac structure and function, OSA patients displayed a significant increase in right ventricular diameter and right ventricular myocardial performance index (both p < 0.001). Finally, compared with controls, OSA patients displayed significant decrease in tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and RV fractional area change (p = 0.001).
Overall, this systematic review and meta-analysis provides imaging evidence in support that OSA patients are at a higher risk of developing coronary atherosclerosis and display cardiac remodeling and dysfunction.

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