BACKGROUND: In recent years, the cell pyroptosis has made it widely concerned. Pyroptosis is characterized by the activation of pathways leading to the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and its downstream effector such as interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, which has close relationship with inflammation. Recent evidence supports that CoenzymeQ10(CoQ10) reduces related inflammatory factors (NLRP3、IL-1β and IL-18), which are associated with cell pyroptosis. This paper reviews the possible mechanisms of CoQ10 inhibiting pyroptosis of different cells and its possible mechanism.
CONCLUSIONS: Further research is needed to better define the response effects of CoQ10 on specific aspects of cell pyroptosis (such as priming, promotion, and signaling), and to further investigate the organizational and cellular mechanisms by CoQ10 reduces pyroptosis in different cells.

Multiple mitochondrial matrix enzymes playing key roles in metabolism require cofactors for their action. Due to the high impermeability of the mitochondrial inner membrane, these cofactors need to be synthesized within the mitochondria or be imported, themselves or one of their precursors, into the organelles. Transporters belonging to the protein family of mitochondrial carriers have been identified to transport the coenzymes: thiamine pyrophosphate, coenzyme A, FAD and NAD+ , which are all structurally similar to nucleotides and derived from different B-vitamins. These mitochondrial cofactors bind more or less tightly to their enzymes and, after having been involved in a specific reaction step, are regenerated, spontaneously or by other enzymes, to return to their active form, ready for the next catalysis round. Disease-causing mutations in the mitochondrial cofactor carrier genes compromise not only the transport reaction but also the activity of all mitochondrial enzymes using that particular cofactor and the metabolic pathways in which the cofactor-dependent enzymes are involved. The mitochondrial transport, metabolism and diseases of the cofactors thiamine pyrophosphate, coenzyme A, FAD and NAD+ are the focus of this review.

In vitro multi-enzyme molecular machines that follow the designed multi-enzyme pathways, require the rational optimization and adaptation of several purified or partially purified enzyme components, in order to convert certain substrates into target compounds in vitro in an efficient manner. This type of molecular machine is component-based and modularized, so that its design, assembly, and regulation processes are highly flexible. Recently, the advantages of in vitro multi-enzyme molecular machines on the precise control of reaction process and the enhancement of product yield have suggested their great application potential in biomanufacturing. Studies on in vitro multi-enzyme molecular machines have become an important branch of synthetic biology, and are gaining increasing attentions. This article systematically reviews the enzyme component-/module-based construction strategy of in vitro multi-enzyme molecular machines, as well as the research progress on the improvement of compatibility among enzyme components/modules. The current challenges and future prospects of in vitro multi-enzyme molecular machines are also discussed.
体外多酶分子机器遵循所设计的多酶催化路径，将若干种纯化或部分纯化的酶元件进行合理的优化与适配，高效地在体外将特定的底物转化为目标化合物。体外多酶分子机器反应系统呈现元件化和模块化的特点，在设计、组装和调控方面具有较高的自由度。近年来，体外多酶分子机器在实现反应过程的精准调控和提高产品得率方面的优势逐渐体现，展示了其在生物制造领域重要的应用潜力。对体外多酶分子机器的相关研究已成为合成生物学的一个重要分支领域，日益受到广泛的关注。文中系统地综述了基于酶元件/模块的体外多酶分子机器的构建策略，以及改善该分子机器中酶元件/模块之间适配性的研究进展，并分析了该生物制造平台的发展前景与挑战。.

The B-vitamins comprise a group of eight water soluble vitamins that perform essential, closely inter-related roles in cellular functioning, acting as co-enzymes in a vast array of catabolic and anabolic enzymatic reactions. Their collective effects are particularly prevalent to numerous aspects of brain function, including energy production, DNA/RNA synthesis/repair, genomic and non-genomic methylation, and the synthesis of numerous neurochemicals and signaling molecules. However, human epidemiological and controlled trial investigations, and the resultant scientific commentary, have focused almost exclusively on the small sub-set of vitamins (B9/B12/B6) that are the most prominent (but not the exclusive) B-vitamins involved in homocysteine metabolism. Scant regard has been paid to the other B vitamins. This review describes the closely inter-related functions of the eight B-vitamins and marshals evidence suggesting that adequate levels of all members of this group of micronutrients are essential for optimal physiological and neurological functioning. Furthermore, evidence from human research clearly shows both that a significant proportion of the populations of developed countries suffer from deficiencies or insufficiencies in one or more of this group of vitamins, and that, in the absence of an optimal diet, administration of the entire B-vitamin group, rather than a small sub-set, at doses greatly in excess of the current governmental recommendations, would be a rational approach for preserving brain health.