Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by the abnormal formation of sickle hemoglobin (HbS). Under conditions of deoxygenation, HbS undergoes polymerization, resulting in microvascular occlusion, tissue hypoxia, and infarction. The elevated mortality rate associated with SCD is primarily attributed to complications such as sepsis, acute chest syndrome, stroke, acute multiorgan failure, and pulmonary hypertension. Despite advancements in awareness and treatments, preventing mortality in young individuals with SCD remains a formidable challenge. In an effort to shed light on these challenges, we present a case of unexpected death associated with SCD to emphasize the pressing need for continued research and intervention strategies to improve patient outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic review of published academic literature related to lost, mislabeled, and mishandled surgical and clinical pathology specimens during the preanalytical stage.
METHODS: The authors used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to search PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus for relevant articles published from January 1, 1990, to May 1, 2023.
RESULTS: The authors screened 1313 articles and identified 44 peer-reviewed, English-language articles published between 1990 and 2021 for inclusion in the final systematic review. Most articles (n = 36) reported results from US-based facilities. Articles primarily focused on general clinical and general surgical pathology. Analysis of the articles revealed that articles reported a range of methodological approaches, including incident reports, implementation analyses, case studies, and commentary recommendations. Most articles focused on mislabeling errors (61.3%) and missing or lost specimens (18.2%), while several articles combined specimen errors (20.5%). Several implementation studies (22.7%) reported using multiple interventions to mitigate errors. Implementation efforts reported between 70% and 100% reduction in pathology errors.
CONCLUSIONS: The review highlights the limited research on the topic, with an average of 2 articles per year discussing lost, mislabeled, or mishandled specimens. Intervention studies addressed The Joint Commission\'s patient safety goals for laboratory practice. More research is needed about error incidents and reporting in non-Western countries to gain a more global perspective on the topic.

Computational Pathology (CPath) is an interdisciplinary science that augments developments of computational approaches to analyze and model medical histopathology images. The main objective for CPath is to develop infrastructure and workflows of digital diagnostics as an assistive CAD system for clinical pathology, facilitating transformational changes in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer that are mainly address by CPath tools. With evergrowing developments in deep learning and computer vision algorithms, and the ease of the data flow from digital pathology, currently CPath is witnessing a paradigm shift. Despite the sheer volume of engineering and scientific works being introduced for cancer image analysis, there is still a considerable gap of adopting and integrating these algorithms in clinical practice. This raises a significant question regarding the direction and trends that are undertaken in CPath. In this article we provide a comprehensive review of more than 800 papers to address the challenges faced in problem design all-the-way to the application and implementation viewpoints. We have catalogued each paper into a model-card by examining the key works and challenges faced to layout the current landscape in CPath. We hope this helps the community to locate relevant works and facilitate understanding of the field\'s future directions. In a nutshell, we oversee the CPath developments in cycle of stages which are required to be cohesively linked together to address the challenges associated with such multidisciplinary science. We overview this cycle from different perspectives of data-centric, model-centric, and application-centric problems. We finally sketch remaining challenges and provide directions for future technical developments and clinical integration of CPath. For updated information on this survey review paper and accessing to the original model cards repository, please refer to GitHub. Updated version of this draft can also be found from arXiv.

Background: Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a tumor originating from the pleura, peritoneum, or pericardial cavity. It is divided into diffuse and localized malignant mesothelioma, with four subtypes in diffuse MM: epithelioid, sarcomatoid, desmoplastic, and biphasic, with biphasic being less common. The onset of this tumor is insidious, and the prognosis is extremely poor in some cases, with a median survival of 6-18 months and no standard treatment options in the past. Aims: We report a case of peritoneal malignant mesothelioma that was successfully treated with transformative therapy. We also review the literature in the hope of providing reference for the treatment and pathological diagnosis of such patients. Methods: The case of the peritoneal malignant mesothelioma was processed and reported in the routine manner for biopsy specimens at different stages. Results and conclusion: We report a case of a malignant tumor originating in the hepatorenal recess, which was diagnosed as biphasic malignant mesothelioma through a biopsy. Immunohistochemical testing showed PD-L1 expression. After multidisciplinary discussion, the patient received transformative treatment, including a trial of combined immunotherapy. The tumor significantly shrank, and the patient obtained a chance for curative surgical resection. Microscopic examination showed significant collagenization in the lesion area, with almost no residual tumor. After 19 months of comprehensive treatment, the patient developed multiple fluffy opacities under the pleura of both lungs. Transthoracic core needle biopsy under CT guidance, the pathology showed organizing pneumonia, considering it as delayed interstitial pneumonitis due to immunotherapy based on previous treatment history. Successful comprehensive treatment was achieved for this case of peritoneal malignant mesothelioma, and the patient has been alive without evidence of disease for 33 months, with long-term follow-up. In this process, the pathologist had three opportunities for pathological diagnosis, which required understanding the patient\'s medical history, being attentive to the clinical purpose of the specimen, and providing accurate responses to morphological changes at different stages, along with corresponding descriptions and diagnoses to provide effective information for clinical treatment.

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Metastatic thyroid cancer is rare. Here, the case of a patient with colon cancer that metastasized to the thyroid is described. The patient underwent radical rectal cancer surgery in August 2017 and received six cycles of chemotherapy with oxaliplatin and capecitabine postoperatively. On August 4, 2018, the patient was admitted to the hospital due to the discovery of thyroid nodules on ultrasound and carcinoembryonic antigen levels within the normal range. The biopsy from the fine needle aspiration suggested a malignant tumor. The patient underwent radical thyroid cancer surgery. Using intraoperative rapid frozen pathology, medullary carcinoma was diagnosed. Using postoperative routine pathology combined with immunohistochemistry results, thyroid metastasis from colorectal adenocarcinoma was diagnosed. After surgery, the patient regularly visited the outpatient clinic for chemotherapy with capecitabine. As of May 2023, the patient is still alive with no recurrence.

An ossifying fibromyxoid tumor is a soft tissue neoplasm with ambiguous differentiation and low metastatic potential. Most cases involve the lower extremities, followed by the trunk, the upper extremities, and the head and neck region. It mainly arises in 40-70 years of age, and men dominate the disease\'s gender distribution. In the described types of ossifying fibromyxoid tumors, there are three variants: one is benign (typical), the second is malignant, which carries the risk of disease recurrence or metastases, and the third is atypical, which does not meet the criteria of either typical or malignant. Here, we present an interesting case of a malignant ossifying fibromyxoid tumor of the chest wall that metastasized to the lungs even after complete resection of the primary tumor. A 64-year-old man had a 4.0 cm malignant ossifying fibromyxoid tumor in his chest wall two years ago, and at that time, the tumor was removed entirely. On pathology review, it was noted to have 20 mitotic figures per 50 high-power fields, but no actual grade was given. He was given postoperative radiation. His recent computed tomography (CT) chest with contrast showed a new right upper lung lobe nodule measuring 0.78 cm compared to the previous contrast-enhanced CT chest six months ago. It was worrisome for metastasis. F-18 FDG positron emission tomography scan revealed sub-centimetric pulmonary nodules in the right upper lobe. Right upper lobe lung biopsy showed spindle cell neoplasm morphologically consistent with the patient\'s known history of malignant ossifying fibromyxoid tumor. Biopsy demonstrated fragments of the bronchial wall and alveolated lung parenchyma with a focal spindle cell proliferation demonstrating a fibromyxoid matrix. The patient was referred to the oncologist for further management. In conclusion, aggressive malignant ossifying fibromyxoid tumors can be found in atypical locations, e.g., the chest wall. Therefore, early diagnosis is crucial because of the high chances of metastasis to distant organs (including the lung) even after complete resection of the primary tumor. Even in asymptomatic patients, it is necessary to complete long-term follow-up for recurrence and metastasis surveillance of ossifying fibromyxoid tumors. Early recognition of recurrence or metastasis can decrease morbidity and mortality and improve overall organ function and patient survival.

Placental transmogrification of the lung (PTL) is a very rare benign lung lesion. There are only about 40 cases reported in the literature. The imaging and histological features of PTL cases in the publication are various, most of which are cystic and a few of which are solid. Being extremely rare, the solid PTL is unknown to major pathologists and surgeons. We reported a case of solid PTL in the anterior mediastinum. The patient was a 52-year-old male with no history of smoking and without symptoms. During physical examination, chest CT revealed a circular low-density lesion with a maximum diameter of 2.9 cm beside the spine in the posterior basal segment of the left lower lobe of the lung. The wedge resection was performed by video-assisted thoracoscopy. Grossly, a round nodule was located underneath the visceral pleura. It was about 3.0 cm×3.0 cm×1.6 cm and the cut surface was grey-red, soft and spongy. Microscopically, the nodule was constituted of papillare, which resembled placental villi at low magnification. The axis of papillae was edema, in which some mild round cells with clear cytoplasm and CD10 positive staining aggregated and transitioned to immature adipocytes and amorphous pink materials deposited with a few of inflammatory cells infiltration. The surface of papillae was covered with disconti-nuous alveolar epithelium. Combined with the typical morphology and immunohistochemical characteristics of CD10 positive, the diagnosis was PTL. The patient was followed up for 1 year without recurrence and discomfort. So far, the pathogenesis of PTL is unclear. The major hypotheses include hamartoma, variant of emphysema and clonal hyperplasia of stromal cells. Based on the study of our case and publication, we speculate that the hyperplasia of stromal cells located in the alveolar septa might be the first step to form the solid PTL. With the progression of the disease, a typical unilateral cystic nodule develops as a result of secondary cystic degeneration due to the occlusive valve effect. Surgery is the only option for diagnosis and treatment of PTL. The clinician should make an individualized operation plan according to the clinical manifestations, location and scope of the lesion, and preserve the surrounding normal lung tissue as much as possible while completely removing the lesion. There is a favorable prognosis.

Herein, we report the case of a 12-year-old boy diagnosed with multiple aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) who had previously undergone surgery on the proximal left tibia, proximal left femur, and distal tibia. During follow-up after the surgery, he developed another lesion on the proximal left humerus. Although rare, the pathological diagnosis was multiple ABCs.

BACKGROUND: Intracranial ependymal cysts (IECs) are rare, histologically benign neuroepithelial cysts that mostly occur in the cerebral parenchyma. The majority of these cysts are clinically silent and discovered incidentally, but when symptomatic they may compress surrounding structures, thus surgical intervention is needed. The current data in the literature about ECs is very scarce, and many are misdiagnosed, once they share many radiological characteristics with a variety of intracranial benign cysts. Also their terminology is confusing, and its definitive diagnosis can only be made through a thorough histopathological study, hence a detailed description about these uncommon lesions is necessary. The correct identification of the lesion lead to our better understanding of the condition and further improvement of the patient\'s prognosis.
METHODS: A descriptive case is presented; moreover, a detailed PubMed search according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline was performed. The data found was analyzed by various criteria in order to correctly describe the characteristics of this lesion.
RESULTS: The literature review gathered 9 descriptions of patients with IECs with a diverse range anatomopathological and clinical manifestations. All of the included studies found were case reports. Moreover, the authors suggest an updated classification of the lesion, involving their immunohistochemical characteristics.
CONCLUSIONS: The information obtained from this study highlights IECs rarity and their inaccurately classification. We propose that the definitive diagnosis of IECs shall be made upon histopathological confirmation of an ependyma-lined cyst along with a positive glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).