背景:血液透析使用市政水,必须经过严格的净化和灭菌才能用于该过程。经常使用大量的去污剂,如氯,如果这些化合物随后不被去除,它们可以转移到患者的血液中,引起包括高铁血红蛋白血症在内的并发症。
方法:在本案例系列研究中,对一个单位的透析患者进行了评估。我们回顾了用氯消毒供水当天获得的临床特征和实验室检查结果,目的是量化高铁血红蛋白浓度。我们的目标是描述在特定指数日出现高铁血红蛋白血症的患者的临床表现和管理。我们还回顾了文献中关于这种漏报并发症的报道病例。
结果:对8例氯中毒患者进行了评估。高铁血红蛋白浓度在1.3%和7.9%之间(参考值0-1%)。我们认为这是由含有0.78mg/L总氯的水引起的。七名患者出现紫癜,4头晕,6有深棕色的血,4伴有呼吸困难,4伴有头痛和溶血性贫血。受试者接受补充氧气治疗,亚甲蓝,静脉注射维生素C,输血,和增加促红细胞生成素的剂量。没有病人死亡,并继续他们通常的血液透析治疗。
结论:血液透析期间用水转移的急性氯中毒可出现高铁血红蛋白血症并伴有紫癜,氧饱和度,和溶血性贫血.应仔细监测用于血液透析治疗的水中的氯水平。
Hemodialysis uses municipal water that must be strictly purified and sterilized to be used for that procedure. Large amounts of decontaminants are often used, such as
chlorine, and if these compounds are not subsequently removed they can be transferred to the blood of patients causing complications including methemoglobinemia.
In this
case series study, dialysis patients in one unit were evaluated. We reviewed clinical characteristics and laboratory findings obtained on the day when the water supply was disinfected with chlorine, with the aim to quantify methemoglobin concentrations. Our objective was to characterize the clinical presentation and management of patients who presented with methemoglobinemia on a specific index day. We also reviewed reported cases in the literature regarding this underreported complication.
Eight patients who presented with
chlorine intoxication were evaluated. The methemoglobin concentrations were between 1.3% and 7.9% (reference value 0-1%). We believe this to be caused by water containing 0.78 mg/L of total
chlorine. Seven patients presented with cyanosis, 4 with dizziness, 6 with dark brown blood, 4 with dyspnea, and 4 with headache and hemolytic anemia. Subjects were treated with supplemental oxygen, methylene blue, intravenous vitamin C, blood transfusions, and increased doses of erythropoietin. No patient died, and all continued with their usual hemodialysis sessions.
Acute chlorine intoxication transferred by the water used during hemodialysis sessions can present with methemoglobinemia accompanied by cyanosis, oxygen desaturation, and hemolytic anemia.
Chlorine levels should be carefully monitored in the water used for hemodialysis treatment.