Methane, both enteric and from manure management, is the most important greenhouse gas from ruminant livestock, and its mitigation can deliver substantial decreases in the carbon footprint of animal products and potentially contribute to climate change mitigation. Although choices may be limited, certain feeding-related practices can substantially decrease livestock enteric CH4 emission. These practices can be generally classified into 2 categories: diet manipulation and feed additives. Within the first category, selection of forages and increasing forage digestibility are likely to decrease enteric CH4 emission, but the size of the effect, relative to current forage practices in the United States dairy industry, is likely to be minimal to moderate. An opportunity also exists to decrease enteric CH4 emissions by increasing dietary starch concentration, but interventions have to be weighed against potential decreases in milk fat yield and farm profitability. A similar conclusion can be made about dietary lipids and oilseeds, which are proven to decrease CH4 emission but can also have a negative effect on rumen fermentation, feed intake, and milk production and composition. Sufficient and robust scientific evidence indicates that some feed additives, specifically the CH4 inhibitor 3-nitrooxypropanol, can substantially reduce CH4 emissions from dairy and beef cattle. However, the long-term effects and external factors affecting the efficacy of the inhibitor need to be further studied. The practicality of mass-application of other mitigation practices with proven short-term efficacy (i.e., macroalgae) is currently unknown. One area that needs more research is how nutritional mitigation practices (both diet manipulation and feed additives) interact with each other and whether there is synergism among feed additives with different mode of action. Further, effects of diet on manure composition and greenhouse gas emissions during storage (e.g., emission trade-offs) have not been adequately studied. Overall, if currently available mitigation practices prove to deliver consistent results and novel, potent, and safe strategies are discovered and are practical, nutrition alone can deliver up to 60% reduction in enteric CH4 emissions from dairy farms in the United States.

Background: Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a non-IgE-mediated food allergy characterized by gastrointestinal symptom onset within 1-4 hours from trigger food ingestion. In the literature, some authors have previously described the possibility that a patient with FPIES may develop an IgE-mediated allergy to the same trigger food, especially cow\'s milk (CM). Case Presentation: We reported five cases of CM-FPIES converting to IgE-mediated CM allergy presented at our tertiary pediatric Allergy Unit and performed a review of the literature, aiming to characterize the clinical features of patients who are at risk of developing such conversion. Conclusions: This phenomenon raises the question of whether IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated allergies represent a spectrum of the same disease and highlights the need for further investigation to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of this process.

In the last few years, there has been a growing interest in the use of natural feed additives in animal feed. These can be used as replacements for antibiotics, to alter rumen fermentation and increase feed efficiency in ruminants. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of adding different feed additives in the diet of beef and dairy cattle on their performance, dry matter intake (DMI) and feed efficiency, through a systematic review followed by meta-analysis. The systematic review suggested 43 peer-reviewed publications, according to the pre-established criteria. In beef cattle, the ionophore antibiotics reduced the DMI, improved the feed efficiency without interfering in the average daily gain (ADG). Non-ionophore antibiotics and propolis extract increased the ADG. In dairy cattle, the ionophores, yeast-based additives, and enzyme additives increased the feed efficiency, DMI, and daily milk production (MY), respectively. Essential oil supplementation in beef and dairy cattle had no effect on the feed intake and animal performance. The systematic review and meta-analysis allowed us to conclude that different feed additives have different effects on cattle performance, however, our results suggest that there are a few gaps regarding their effects on animal performance.

The impact of beta-carotene on cattle fertility has been investigated in various studies; however, consensus on this issue has not been reached. In the present study, we systematically reviewed and meta-analysed 29 publications conducted between 1984 and 2022, focusing on seven fertility measures, clinical mastitis and milk yield in cows. We did not find statistically significant results in 8 out of 11 parameters (p > .05). Statistically significant results were observed for milk yield (MD: 216.25 kg in 305 days, p = .01, CI: 50.73-381.77), pregnancy at first service (OR: 1.38 CI: 1.08-1.76, p = .01) and clinical mastitis (OR: 0.59, CI: 0.44-0.80, p = .006) in favour of beta-carotene supplementation. The meta-regression revealed significant effects of \'plasma beta-carotene levels\' on \'service to per pregnancy\' and dose on \'milk yield\' (p = .04 and p = 0). In binary outcomes, \'dose × day\' and \'plasma beta-carotene concentration in the control group\' positively influenced pregnancy at first service (p = .02 and .03). In conclusion, given the positive point direction observed for some variables and insignificant results for others, there is a need for more studies. We note the very high heterogeneity of outcomes and suggest caution in interpreting results.

This comprehensive review delves into the evolving landscape of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) in bovine species, particularly focusing on the pivotal roles of semen additives in the cryopreservation of buffalo and cattle semen. In developing nations, where ARTs are still emerging, these techniques significantly influence bovine reproductive strategies. In contrast, developed regions have embraced them as primary approaches for dairy buffalo and cattle breeding. Semen cryopreservation, while offering advantages like extended storage and genetic propagation, also presents challenges. These include diminished sperm quality due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, alterations in sperm structure, and temperature fluctuations. Further, the effect of cryopreservation differs between cattle and buffaloes, with the latter exhibiting poorer semen viability and fertility due to inherent lipid composition susceptibilities. The generation and implications of ROS, especially hydrogen peroxide, contribute significantly to sperm DNA damage and functional impairments. To counteract these challenges, research has intensified on semen additives, aiming to bolster semen quality and protect against oxidative stress-induced damage. As the field advances, the review emphasizes the need for optimized cryopreservation techniques and tailored antioxidant strategies to harness the full potential of ARTs in bovine breeding programs. Doi.org/10.54680/fr24410110112.

Temperament (docility) is a key breeding goal in the cattle industry due to its direct relationship with animal welfare, cattle handler\'s safety and animal productivity. Over the past six decades, numerous studies have reported heritability estimates for temperament-related traits in cattle populations ranging from low to high values. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to perform a comprehensive systematic review with meta-analysis to obtain weighted estimates of heritability for temperament-related traits in worldwide cattle populations. After data editing and quality control, 106 studies were included in the systematic review, of which 29.2% and 70.8% reported estimates of heritability for temperament-related traits in dairy and beef cattle populations, respectively. Meta-analyses were performed for 95 heritability estimates using a random model approach. The weighted heritability estimates were as follow: (a) flight score at weaning = 0.23 (95% CI: 0.15-0.32); (b) flight speed at weaning = 0.30 (95% CI: 0.26-0.33); (c) joint analysis of flight speed and flight score at weaning = 0.27 (95% CI: 0.22-0.31); (d) flight speed at yearling = 0.26 (95% CI: 0.21-0.30); (e) joint analysis of flight speed at weaning and yearling = 0.27 (95% CI: 0.24-0.30); (f) movement score = 0.12 (95% CI: 0.08-0.15); (g) crush score at weaning = 0.21 (95% CI: 0.17-0.25); (h) pen score at weaning = 0.27 (95% CI: 0.19-0.34); (i) pen score at yearling = 0.20 (95% CI: 0.17-0.23); (j) joint analysis of pen score at weaning and yearling = 0.22 (95% CI: 0.18-0.26); (k) cow\'s aggressiveness at calving = 0.10 (95% CI: 0.01-0.19); (l) general temperament = 0.13 (95% CI: 0.06-0.19); (m) milking temperament = 0.16 (95% CI: 0.11-0.21); and (n) joint analysis of general and milking temperament = 0.14 (95% CI: 0.11-0.18). The heterogeneity index ranged from 0% to 77%, and the Q-test was significant (p < 0.05) for four single-trait meta-analyses. In conclusion, temperament is moderately heritable in beef cattle populations, and flight speed at weaning had the highest weighted heritability estimate. Moreover, between-study heterogeneity was low or moderate in beef cattle traits, suggesting reasonable standardization across studies. On the other hand, low-weighted heritability and high between-study heterogeneity were estimated for temperament-related traits in dairy cattle, suggesting that more studies are needed to better understand the genetic inheritance of temperament in dairy cattle populations.

OBJECTIVE: Particulate bovine bone substitutes (BS) are commonly used in oral regeneration. However, more literature is needed focusing on comparative analyses among various particulate bovine BS. This study evaluates pre-clinical and clinical data of different particulate bovine BS in oral regeneration.
METHODS: A narrative review was conducted by screening the PubMed database Included in the review were pre-clinical and clinical studies until 2024 comparing a minimum of two distinct particulate bovine BS. In addition to examining general data concerning manufacturing and treatment processes, biological safety, physical and chemical characteristics, and graft resorption, particular emphasis was placed on assessing pre-clinical and clinical data related to ridge preservation, sinus floor elevation, peri-implant defects, and various forms of alveolar ridge augmentation utilizing particulate bovine BS.
RESULTS: Various treatment temperatures ranging from 300 to 1,250 °C and the employment of chemical cleaning steps were identified for the manufacturing process of particulate bovine BS deemed to possess biosecurity. A notable heterogeneity was observed in the physical and chemical characteristics of particulate bovine BS, with minimal or negligible graft resorption. Variations were evident in particle and pore sizes and the porosity of particulate bovine BS. Pre-clinical assessments noted a marginal inclination towards favorable outcomes for particulate bovine BS subjected to higher treatment temperatures. However, clinical data are insufficient. No distinctions were observed regarding ridge preservation, while slight advantages were noted for high-temperature treated particulate bovine BS in sinus floor elevation.
CONCLUSIONS: Subtle variances in both pre-clinical and clinical outcomes were observed in across various particulate bovine BS. Due to inadequate data, numerous considerations related to diverse particulate bovine BS, including peri-implant defects, must be more conclusive. Additional clinical studies are imperative to address these knowledge gaps effectively.

Oestrus is defined as a period when a female animal exhibits characteristic sexual behaviour in the presence of a mature male. Oestrous manifestation in dairy animals is due to the oestrogen (E2) effect on the central nervous system (CNS). It is a critical issue to be considered on a priority basis. Inefficient oestrous detection reduces the fertility status of the herd. The primary and most reliable indicator of oestrus is standing to be mounted by a bull or another female herd mate, signalling receptivity and the pre-ovulatory state in dairy cattle. Oestrous detection is primarily a management challenge requiring skill and vigilance. To improve the efficiency of oestrous detection in dairy cattle, visual observation is one of the best methods if done three times a day; however, heat detection aids, if combined, give better results. However, techniques like using teaser bulls, tail painting, chin ball markers, ultrasound (USG) examination, hormonal analysis and examination of cervicovaginal mucus (CVM) improve oestrous detection efficiency. Moreover, the changes in production systems have reduced the expression of oestrous behaviour among cows, due to higher oestrogen (E2) metabolism. Therefore, automated systems, such as pedometers, accelerometers and acoustic sensors like infrared thermography (IRT) and image processing, have significantly enhanced reproductive performance by facilitating oestrous detection and optimizing insemination schedules. From this review, we would conclude that oestrous detection alone contributes considerably to the reproductive status of the herd; therefore, applying different methods of oestrous detection reduces the incidence of missed oestrus and improves the fertility status of the herd.

Q fever is a disease caused by Coxiella burnetii that affects many animal species and humans. In ruminants, the disease is responsible for several reproductive disorders (such as abortions, stillbirths, premature births, weak offspring, retained foetal membranes and infertility). An inactivated vaccine based on a phase I antigen of C. burnetii is available for cattle, goats and sheep. This review aims to summarise the scientific literature regarding the efficacy and safety of this vaccine to control the infection in these three domestic ruminant species. Forty-five publications and one experimental veterinary thesis reporting on experimental studies, case reports, mathematical modelling and intervention studies were selected according to the PRISMA guidelines. Although some studies lack control groups or statistical analyses, for all three species, published data show that vaccination often results in a reduction in abortions and an improvement in reproductive performance in comparison with absence of vaccination. There is also evidence, including in infected herds and animals, that vaccination is associated with a reduction in bacterial shedding, both in intensity and duration in comparison with absence of vaccination. For these reasons, in case of human outbreaks, vaccination is one of the pillars of control measures. Vaccination is generally well tolerated, despite the rare occurrence of mild, transient side-effects, such as hyperthermia and reduction in milk yield.

Studying cytokine profiling in Theleria annulata infection enhances our understanding of how the immune response unfolds, the intricate interactions between the host and the parasite, the strategies employed by the parasite to evade the immune system, and potential avenues for developing treatments. The generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines plays a pivotal role in the immune response against T. annulata infection. Elevated concentrations of these cytokines potentially contribute to the manifestation of clinical symptoms associated with the disease, such as fever, anemia, exophthalmia, and weight loss. The production of anti-inflammatory cytokines potentially serves as a regulatory mechanism for the immune response, preventing the development of severe disease. Nevertheless, in animals afflicted by T. annulata infection, there is often a notable decrease in the levels of these cytokines, suggesting that they may not be as effective in mitigating the disease as they are in uninfected animals. This knowledge can be harnessed to develop improved diagnostic methods, treatments, and vaccines for tropical theileriosis. The objective of this current mini review is to achieve the same goal by consolidating the available knowledge of cytokine interactions in Bovine Tropical Theileriosis (BTT).