草甸spittlebugPhilaenusspumarius(半翅目:Aphrophoridae)分布在世界范围内的几个栖息地,最近被认为是小木霉的主要媒介。Pauca.这种细菌与萨伦托半岛(意大利)的橄榄快速下降综合症(OQDS)有关,并导致橄榄树的广泛干燥和死亡。当前的OQDS管理策略包括对斯马氏菌种群的控制,主要通过去除杂草宿主和杀虫剂处理。除了强制性的植物检疫措施,对与病虫害综合治理兼容的新策略的需求正在增加。在这项研究中,进行了实验室生物学试验,以评估植物制剂对斯波氏杆菌成虫的潜在毒性作用.在不同浓度下测试两种制剂:形式A,10%辣椒油(橄榄油中的辣椒亚种Cayenna)和阿拉伯树胶在丹参提取物水溶液中的乳液,表格B,紫杉提取物的水溶液。与水对照相比,形式A和B两者都显示出对P.spumarius有毒。治疗后一小时用A型获得的spittlebug死亡率的平均百分比是剂量依赖性的;致死剂量值为0.13%(LD25),0.36%(LD50),和0.85%(LD75)。同时,0.75%治疗与溴氰菊酯治疗(约90%)死亡率无显著差异.治疗后一小时,用B型获得的平均死亡率为21%至53%,但这些值显着低于溴氰菊酯获得的值。还在现场评估了形式A对坡马氏菌种群的有效性。三个实验块中捕获的平均值为处理的1.8/陷阱,未处理的地块为7.7/陷阱,治疗后,臭虫种群显着减少。根据这些结果和文献数据,我们假设形式A的有效性是其所有组分协同作用的结果。在用A型处理的橄榄树上没有记录到植物毒性症状,在这些植物上收集的P.spumarius标本的数量远低于未处理的植物。这些结果表明形式A在保护橄榄树中的潜在用途。因此,这种植物制剂可以被认为是化学杀虫剂的有效替代品,用于控制X.fastidiosa的主要媒介,并可以整合到OQDS的可持续管理系统中。
The meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) is distributed in several habitats worldwide and has been recently recognized as the main vector of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca. This bacterium has been associated with olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS) in the Salento Peninsula (Italy) and is responsible for extensive desiccation and die-off of olive trees. Current OQDS management strategies include the control of P. spumarius populations, mainly through the removal of weed hosts and insecticide treatments. In addition to the mandatory phytosanitary measures, the demand for new strategies compatible with integrated pest management is increasing. In this
study, laboratory biological assays were performed to assess the potential toxic effect of vegetal formulations against P. spumarius adults. Two formulations were tested at different concentrations: Form A, an emulsion of 10% hot pepper-infused oil (Capsicum annuum subspecies Cayenna in olive oil) and Arabic gum in an aqueous solution of extracts of Salvia guaranitica, and Form B, an aqueous solution of extracts of Taxus baccata. Both Form A and B showed to be toxic against P. spumarius compared to the water control. The mean percentage of spittlebug mortality obtained with Form A one hour after treatments was dose-dependent; the lethal dose values were 0.13% (LD25), 0.36% (LD50), and 0.85% (LD75). At the same time, no significant differences in mortality rate were observed between the 0.75% treatment and the treatments with deltamethrin (about 90%). The mean percentage of spittlebug mortality obtained with Form B ranged from 21% to 53% one hour after treatment, but these values were significantly lower than those obtained with deltamethrin. The effectiveness of Form A on the P. spumarius population was also evaluated in the field. The averages of captures in the three experimental blocks were 1.8/trap for treated and 7.7/trap for untreated plots, and the spittlebug populations significantly decreased after treatments. Based on these results and the literature data, we hypothesize that the effectiveness of Form A is the result of the synergistic effect of all its components. No symptoms of phytotoxicity were recorded on olive trees treated with Form A, and the number of P. spumarius specimens collected on these plants was much lower than on untreated plants. These results suggest the potential use of Form A in the protection of olive trees. This vegetal formulation can thus be considered as a valid alternative to chemical insecticides for the control of the main vector of X. fastidiosa and could be integrated into a sustainable management system for OQDS.