三维(3D)打印机已成为中学和中学后STEM课程中的流行教育工具;但是,关于吸入暴露和相关健康风险的担忧已经出现。目前的证据表明,灯丝材料和场地条件可能会导致3D打印机排放的化学特征和毒理学特性的差异;然而,很少有研究直接评估课堂上的暴露情况。在这项研究中,我们使用气溶胶监测仪器和收集介质,在高中教室进行3小时3D打印期间,对丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)和聚乳酸(PLA)长丝排放的颗粒物(PM)进行了监测和采样。为了评估潜在的吸入风险,使用多路径粒子剂量测定(MPPD)建模来估计吸入剂量,并根据观察到的气溶胶数据以及特定的肺和呼吸特征计算体外浓度。动态光散射用于评估流体动力学直径,zeta电位,和分散在细胞培养基中的提取PM排放物的多分散指数(PDI)。小气道上皮细胞(SAEC)用于确定细胞活力,基因毒性,炎症,以及使用MTS对每次排放暴露的代谢反应,ELISA,高效液相色谱-质谱(HPLC-MS),分别。气溶胶监测数据显示,ABS和PLA长丝的排放在超细和细范围内产生相似的PM浓度。然而,DLS分析显示ABS和PLAPM的理化性质存在差异,其中PLAPM的流体动力学直径大于ABSPM,这可能影响了颗粒沉积速率和细胞结果。虽然暴露于ABS和PLAPM都会降低细胞活力并诱导MDM2,这是基因组不稳定性的指标,PLAPM单独增加gamma-H2AX,双链DNA断裂的标记。ABS和PLA的排放也增加了促炎细胞因子的释放,尽管这没有达到意义。此外,通过高效液相色谱-质谱(HPLC-MS)进行的代谢谱分析和随后的途径分析显示,细丝和剂量依赖性细胞代谢改变。值得注意的是,我们的代谢组学分析还揭示了与PM诱导的氧化应激有关的关键代谢物和途径,DNA损伤,和呼吸道疾病,在给定灯丝的两种测试剂量下都受到干扰。一起来看,这些研究结果表明,在学校环境中的3D打印机中使用ABS和PLA丝可能会导致不良的呼吸反应,尤其是在脆弱人群中.
Three-dimensional (3D) printers have become popular educational tools in secondary and post-secondary STEM curriculum; however, concerns have emerged regarding inhalation exposures and associated health risks. Current evidence suggests that filament materials and site conditions may cause differences in the chemical profiles and toxicological properties of 3D printer emissions; however, few studies have evaluated exposures directly in the classroom. In this study, we monitored and sampled particulate matter (PM) emitted from acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA) filaments during a 3-hour 3D printing session in a high school classroom using aerosol monitoring instrumentation and collection media. To evaluate potential inhalation risks, Multiple Path Particle Dosimetry (MPPD) modeling was used to estimate inhaled doses and calculate in vitro concentrations based on the observed aerosol data and specific lung and breathing characteristics. Dynamic light scattering was used to evaluate the hydrodynamic diameter, zeta potential, and polydispersity index (PDI) of extracted PM emissions dispersed in cell culture media. Small airway epithelial cells (SAEC) were employed to determine cellular viability, genotoxic, inflammatory, and metabolic responses to each emission exposure using MTS, ELISA, and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), respectively. Aerosol monitoring data revealed that emissions from ABS and PLA filaments generated similar PM concentrations within the ultrafine and fine ranges. However, DLS analysis showed differences in the physicochemical properties of ABS and PLA PM, where the hydrodynamic diameter of PLA PM was greater than ABS PM, which may have influenced particle deposition rates and cellular outcomes. While exposure to both ABS and PLA PM reduced cell viability and induced MDM2, an indicator of genomic instability, PLA PM alone increased gamma-H2AX, a marker of double-stranded DNA breaks. ABS and PLA emissions also increased the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, although this did not reach significance. Furthermore, metabolic profiling via high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and subsequent pathway analysis revealed filament and dose dependent cellular metabolic alterations. Notably, our metabolomic analysis also revealed key metabolites and pathways implicated in PM-induced oxidative stress, DNA damage, and respiratory disease that were perturbed across both tested doses for a given filament. Taken together, these findings suggest that use of ABS and PLA filaments in 3D printers within school settings may potentially contribute to adverse respiratory responses especially in vulnerable populations.