Bladder leiomyomas are uncommon benign soft tissue neoplasms of the bladder, frequently observed in women. Diagnosis often happens incidentally during ultrasonography, with symptoms varying based on tumour size and location. Here, we present a case of a 57-year-old woman with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus, successfully treated for bladder leiomyoma through transurethral resection and laparoscopic partial cystectomy. This case highlights the significance of early detection and timely intervention in optimizing patient outcomes for bladder leiomyoma.

This study discusses non-steady effects encountered in peristaltic flows in oesophagus. The purpose of this communication is to evolve a mechanism to diagnose tumor in an oesophagus mathematically. The tumor is modelled by generic bump function of certain height and width. The method of solution follows long wavelength and low-Reynolds number approximations for unsteady flow, while integrations have been performed numerically in order to plot graphs, which reveal various characteristics of the flow. The goal is to assess how pressure varies across the tumor\'s width. The spatial, as well as temporal, dependence of pressure has been studied in the laboratory frame of reference. The pressure distribution for tumor-infected oesophagus is compared with that of normal oesophagus. An intensified pressure is obtained in the presence of tumor. The interruption while swallowing through benign oesophageal tumor is confirmed by an abrupt pressure rise across the tumor\'s width. Tumor position also plays a significant role whether it is at contraction or relaxation of walls. Additionally, wall-shear-stress, volumetric flow rate and streamlines have also been described and compared with that without tumor growth. The expressions corresponding to all the physical quantities are computed numerically. Further, this model may also be implemented to the two-dimensional channel flow for an industrial application.

Enchondromas are common benign bone tumors, usually presenting in the hand. They can cause symptoms such as swelling and pain but often go un-noticed. If the tumor expands, it can diminish the bone cortices and predispose the bone to fracture. Diagnosis is based on clinical investigation and radiographic imaging. Despite their typical appearance on radiographs, they can primarily be misdiagnosed or go totally unrecognized in the acute trauma setting. Earlier applications of deep learning models to image classification and pattern recognition suggest that this technique may also be utilized in detecting enchondroma in hand radiographs. We trained a deep learning model with 414 enchondroma radiographs to detect enchondroma from hand radiographs. A separate test set of 131 radiographs (47% with an enchondroma) was used to assess the performance of the trained deep learning model. Enchondroma annotation by three clinical experts served as our ground truth in assessing the deep learning model\'s performance. Our deep learning model detected 56 enchondromas from the 62 enchondroma radiographs. The area under receiver operator curve was 0.95. The F1 score for area statistical overlapping was 69.5%. Our deep learning model may be a useful tool for radiograph screening and raising suspicion of enchondroma.

BACKGROUND: Glomus tympanicum is an extremely rare benign paraganglioma of the middle ear. The distinctive features of these tumors include their propensity for recurrence following treatment and their remarkably vascular nature, posing significant challenges to surgeons and necessitating the development of effective surgical techniques.
METHODS: A 56-year-old female presented with pulsatile tinnitus persisting for a year. Examination revealed a pulsating red mass in the lower section of the tympanic membrane. Computed tomography confirmed the presence of a mass occupying the middle ear, which was diagnosed as a glomus tympanicum tumor. The patient underwent surgical excision of the tumor, followed by diode laser application for coagulation at the site of the tumor. Histopathological examination confirmed the clinical diagnosis.
CONCLUSIONS: Glomus tympanicum tumors are rare neoplasms that arise in the middle ear. The surgical management of these tumors varies depending on the size and extent of the lesion. Various techniques are available for excision, including bipolar cautery and laser. Laser has emerged as an effective method for reducing tumor mass and controlling intraoperative bleeding, with positive indications after surgery.
CONCLUSIONS: Based on our case report, laser can be considered an effective and safe method for excision of glomus tympanicum, with positive indications for controlling intraoperative bleeding and reducing tumor mass.

UNASSIGNED: An increased risk of gallstones has been observed in patients undergoing hepatectomy. This study attempted to analyze the risk factors for gallstones after hepatectomy.
UNASSIGNED: From January 2013 to December 2016, clinical data of 1,452 eligible patients who underwent hepatectomy were consecutively reviewed. According to the imaging, including gallbladder ultrasound, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, all patients were divided into the gallstone group and the nongallstone group. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to select indicators associated with gallstone formation among patients after hepatectomy.
UNASSIGNED: In the total sample of included patients, there were 341 patients with gallstones and 1,147 patients without gallstones. The incidence of gallstones was 23.5% (341/1,452). The incidence of gallstones in the primary liver cancer group was higher than that in the benign liver tumor group (25.7% vs. 18.9%, P = 0.004). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that female gender, high body mass index, tumor located in S5, and severe postoperative complication were factors related to gallstones in patients with benign liver tumors after hepatectomy. In addition, Child-Pugh B, low albumin, liver cirrhosis, and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) after recurrence were factors related to gallstones in patients with primary liver cancer after hepatectomy.
UNASSIGNED: Hepatectomy increased the risk of gallstones in benign or malignant liver tumors, especially when the tumor was located in S5. TACE further increased the risk of gallstones in patients with postoperative recurrence.

OBJECTIVE: Pleomorphic adenoma (mixed tumor) is the most common neoplasm of the parotid gland and one of the most frequent types of salivary gland tumor, generally with benign behavior and relatively slow growing. The adenomas could arise from the superficial, deep or from both superficial and deep parotid\'s lobes.
METHODS: The aim of this review is to retrospectively analyze the surgical management of patients with pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland performed at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology (Department of Sense Organs of \"Azienda Policlinico Umberto I\" in Rome), from 2010 to 2020, with a focus on the percentage of recurrence and on the complication related to surgery to suggest an optimal diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm for patients with recurrent pleomorphic adenoma. The analysis of the complications observed in case of different surgical approaches was performed using the X2 test.
RESULTS: The choice of a surgical approach (superficial parotidectomy-SP, total parotidectomy-TP, extracapsular dissection-ECD) depends on several elements, such as the location and the size of the adenoma, the availability of existing technical facilities and the professional experience of the surgeon. A transient facial palsy was present in 37.6%, 2.7% reported a permanent facial nerve palsy, 1.6% developed a salivary fistula, 1.6% a post-operative bleeding and 2.3% showed Frey Syndrome.
CONCLUSIONS: The surgical management of this benign lesion is required, even in asymptomatic cases, to prevent the progressive growing and to reduce the risk of malignant transformation. The goal of surgical excision is to obtain the complete resection to minimize the risk of tumor recurrence and avoiding facial nerve disability. Therefore, an accurate preoperative study of the lesion and the choice of the most appropriate surgical treatment are essential to minimize the rate of recurrence.

Leiomyomas within the foot are rare and are difficult to diagnose with only the radiographic and clinical picture. They are benign, slow growing, and very rarely cause pain. We present an unusual case of a dermatology referral patient complaining of callus formation on the plantar aspect of the foot as well as shoe discomfort. The mass was believed to be a lipoma or a fibroma but after surgical excision was found to be a leiomyoma. Our case highlights the rarity of this diagnosis and presents a unique surgical technique utilizing a medial approach to the plantar hindfoot for lesion removal.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate a case of osteoma of the zygomatic bone in a post-medieval individual in the context of a paleoepidemiological approach.
Forty-five skulls from the plague cemetery of Alghero (Sardinia, Italy), dating back to the end of the 16th century, were evaluated for the presence of osteomata on the outer surface of the cranial vault and facial bones.
Macroscopic examination was performed using standard anthropological methods. The bone presenting the lesion was submitted to radiological examination through cone beam; a 3D reconstruction was obtained with a surface 3D scanner.
Only one case of osteoma was observed in an adolescent aged 13-15 years, located on the right zygomatic bone. The lesion consisted of a rounded mass of 0.5 cm in diameter composed of compact bone, as also the radiographic study demonstrates. The prevalence of osteoma on the outer surface of the cranial vault and facial bones in the population of Alghero was 2.2 %.
This case offers the opportunity to enrich the knowledge about the presence of benign tumors among past populations and to evaluate this lesion in dry bone.
This study provides paleoepidemiological data on the scarce area of benign tumors in paleo-oncology and presents the first documented osteoma of the zygomatic bone in paleopathology.
Histological study was not performed for conservative issues.
Increasing the attention to benign tumors is essential to deepen our knowledge about paleoepidemiology of neoplastic lesions.

BACKGROUND: Fibro-osseous lesions (FOL) of the jaw represent a rare, benign group of lesions that share similar clinical, radiological, and histopathological features and are characterized by progressive, variable replacement of healthy bone tissue by fibrous connective tissue.
METHODS: This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the incidence of fibro-osseous lesions and to reassess the efficacy of case-specific treatment management from a clinical, radiological, and histopathological perspective based on 14 years of data.
RESULTS: Forty-four patients with a radiological and/or histopathological diagnosis of benign FOLs were identified and re-evaluated. Cemento-osseous dysplasia was the most common group of FOLs present in our patient cohort (45%), followed by ossifying fibroma (39%) and fibrous dysplasia (16%). The diagnostic imaging technique of choice was CBCT (68%), followed by PAN (18%), with most patients (95 %) additionally undergoing biopsy. The mean age of the patients at the time of diagnosis was 40.54 ± 13.7 years, with most lesions being located in the mandible (86%), with females being predominantly affected (73%).
CONCLUSIONS: An interdisciplinary approach that analyzes all case-specific factors, including demographic data, medical history, intraoperative findings, and, most importantly, histopathological and radiological features, is essential for an accurate diagnosis and key to avoiding inappropriate treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a clinical trial to investigate the effect of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a non-hormonal drug, on the volume of leiomyoma, the most common benign tumor in women.
METHODS: This study is a randomized clinical trial, which was performed in Semnan, Iran. Eligible women who were diagnosed with uterine leiomyoma using vaginal ultrasound were randomly assigned to receive NAC or placebo for 12 weeks. The change in the volume of Leiomyoma was considered to be the main variable in the efficacy evaluation. Reduction in the leiomyoma volume was calculated after intervention and data were entered in SPSS version 23.
RESULTS: Fifty individuals were enrolled in our study. 25 women received NAC, while 25 women took placebo. The mean volume of leiomyoma in group A was 5.71 cm3 and in group B was 6.56 cm3 . The mean rate of volume reduction in the A and B groups was 25.25 % and 1.08 %, respectively, which demonstrated a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.004).
CONCLUSIONS: Although this trial recommends the use of NAC as a non-hormonal drug in the treatment of leiomyoma of the uterus, the possibility of treatment failure in controlling abnormal uterine bleeding cannot be ignored. Nevertheless, we can say it is feasible and effective in the reduction of leiomyoma volume.