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During mild or moderate exercise, alveolar ventilation increases in direct proportion to metabolic rate, regulating arterial CO2 pressure near resting levels. Mechanisms giving rise to the hyperpnoea of exercise are unsettled despite over a century of investigation. In the past three decades, neuroscience has advanced tremendously, raising optimism that the \'exercise hyperpnoea dilemma\' can finally be solved. In this review, new perspectives are offered in the hope of stimulating original ideas based on modern neuroscience methods and current understanding. We first describe the ventilatory control system and the challenge exercise places upon blood-gas regulation. We highlight relevant system properties, including feedforward, feedback and adaptive (i.e., plasticity) control of breathing. We then elaborate a seldom explored hypothesis that the exercise ventilatory response continuously adapts (learns and relearns) throughout life and ponder if the memory \'engram\' encoding the feedforward exercise ventilatory stimulus could reside within the cerebellum. Our hypotheses are based on accumulating evidence supporting the cerebellum\'s role in motor learning and the numerous direct and indirect projections from deep cerebellar nuclei to brainstem respiratory neurons. We propose that cerebellar learning may be obligatory for the accurate and adjustable exercise hyperpnoea capable of tracking changes in life conditions/experiences, and that learning arises from specific cerebellar microcircuits that can be interrogated using powerful techniques such as optogenetics and chemogenetics. Although this review is speculative, we consider it essential to reframe our perspective if we are to solve the till-now intractable exercise hyperpnoea dilemma.

Organizations that fund research are keen to ensure that their grant selection processes are fair and equitable for all applicants. In 2020, the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation introduced blinding to the first stage of the process used to review applications for Beckman Young Investigator (BYI) awards: applicants were instructed to blind the technical proposal in their initial Letter of Intent by omitting their name, gender, gender-identifying pronouns, and institutional information. Here we examine the impact of this change by comparing the data on gender and institutional prestige of the applicants in the first four years of the new policy (BYI award years 2021-2024) with data on the last four years of the old policy (2017-2020). We find that under the new policy, the distribution of applicants invited to submit a full application shifted from those affiliated with institutions regarded as more prestigious to those outside of this group, and that this trend continued through to the final program awards. We did not find evidence of a shift in the distribution of applicants with respect to gender.

BACKGROUND: Resident research has been mandated by the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education across all specialties. Southeast Michigan Center for Medical Education (SEMCME) has an annual Research Forum for resident competition, and we assessed the publication status of award-winning presentations.
METHODS: The SEMCME Research Forum\'s winning presentations from 1978 to 2018 were reviewed. The author\'s information and keywords from the abstract\'s title were used to search PubMed and Google Scholar databases for publications. Descriptive statistics were generally used to characterize the data.
RESULTS: Of 147 winning projects, 62% (78/126) were oral and 48% (10/21) were poster presentations; 88 (60%) were published. Obstetrics and gynecology had the highest publication rate (71%), followed by surgical (61%) and medical specialties (48%).
CONCLUSIONS: While 60% of the award-winning presentations at the SEMCME Research Forum were published, more work needs to be done to examine the barriers preventing the publication of the remaining projects.

Reporting is a mechanism for funding organisations to monitor and manage the progress, outputs, outcomes, and impacts of the research they fund. Inconsistent approaches to reporting and post-award management, and a growing demand for research information, can lead to perception of unnecessary administrative effort that impacts on decision-making and research activity. Identifying this effort, and what stakeholders see as unmet need for improvement, is crucial if funders and Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) are to streamline their practices and provide better support with reporting activities. In this review, we summarise the processes in post-award management, compare current practices, and explore the purpose of collecting information on funded research. We also identify areas where unnecessary effort is perceived and improvement is needed, using previously reported solutions to inform recommendations for funders and HEIs.
We conducted a scoping review of the relevant research and grey literature. Electronic searches of databases, and manual searches of journals and funder websites, resulted in inclusion of 52 records and 11 websites. Information on HEI and funder post-award management processes was extracted, catalogued, and summarised to inform discussion.
Post-award management is a complex process that serves many purposes but requires considerable effort, particularly in the set up and reporting of research. Perceptions of unnecessary effort stem from inefficiencies in compliance, data management and reporting approaches, and there is evidence of needed improvement in mechanisms of administrative support, research impact assessment, monitoring, and evaluation. Solutions should focus on integrating digital systems to reduce duplication, streamlining reporting methods, and improving administrative resources in HEIs.
Funders and HEIs should work together to support a more efficient post-award management process. The value of research information, and how it is collected and used, can be improved by aligning practices and addressing the specific issues highlighted in this review.

Securing research funding for early-career investigators remains challenging. The authors present the results of a presubmission career development award (Pre-K) review program for postdoctoral fellows and early-career faculty.
The Pre-K program is designed to help mentored postdoctoral fellows and early-career faculty write successful career development awards by assigning expert reviewers to score each application and provide written and oral critiques before a mock study section. Applicants and mentors attend the review and can ask questions directly to reviewers about their application. Quarterly, annual, and alumni surveys are sent to applicants who participated in the Pre-K program to assess satisfaction, confirm grant submission and status (i.e., funded and unfunded), and understand the long-term career impact of the program.
A total of 212 applicants (136 [64%] female; 19 [9%] from underrepresented in medicine groups) participated in the program between 2014 and 2021. Outcome data from 194 grants were available. Among these grants, 71 were awarded (37% success rate). Among underrepresented in medicine applicants, 7 of 18 submitted grants were funded (39% success rate). Of 183 Pre-K participants sent the alumni survey, 123 (67%) responded. Academic degrees included 64 PhDs (52%), 46 MDs (37%), and 14 MDs/PhDs (11%). One hundred nine respondents (90%) were employed in an academic institution, and 106 (86%) devoted more than 50% of their time to research. One hundred twelve (91%) reported receipt of an award (87 [78%] federal and 59 [53%] intramural funding), the most common being National Institutes of Health K/Career Development Awards. Pre-K was rated as very useful to their careers by 102 respondents (83%).
A Pre-K mock review program can assist early-career investigators in securing funding and launching their research career. Continued investment in the next generation of clinical and translational researchers should remain an institutional priority.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the rates and characteristics of physicians with medical malpractice adverse outcomes in Rhode Island.
METHODS: A descriptive epidemiologic study of medical malpractice claims from 2008-2018 aggregated by the Board of Medical Licensure and Discipline of the Rhode Island Department of Health. To examine the demographic characteristics of physician malpractice cases we reviewed 10 years of data from Rhode Island medical malpractice lawsuits that were resolved, in whole or in part, via payment to the plaintiff.
RESULTS: Over this 10-year period, there were 460 such cases, 88% of which involved a male physician and 48% of which involved surgical category specialists. Few cases, 17.6% of payments, were over one million dollars, and the mean payment value across all cases was $517,104. The rate of paid claims was found to be stable over the period studied.

BACKGROUND: The Journal of Oral Biosciences is devoted to advancing and disseminating fundamental knowledge concerning every aspect of oral biosciences.
CONCLUSIONS: This review features review articles in the fields of \"Extracellular Vesicles,\" \"Propolis,\" \"Odontogenic Tumors,\" \"Periodontitis,\" \"Periodontium,\" \"Flavonoids,\" \"Lactoferrin,\" \"Dental Plaque,\" \"Anatomy,\" \"Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells,\" \"Bone Cell Biology,\" \"Dysgeusia,\" \"Dental Caries,\" and \"Dental Pulp Cavity,\" in addition to the review article by the winners of the \"Lion Award\" (\"Sox9 function in salivary gland development\") presented by the Japanese Association for Oral Biology.
CONCLUSIONS: These reviews in the Journal of Oral Biosciences have inspired its readers to broaden their knowledge regarding various aspects of oral biosciences. The current editorial review introduces these exciting review articles.

The area of substance use is notable for its early uptake of incentives and wealth of research on the topic. This is particularly true for prize-based contingency management (PB-CM), a particular type of incentive that uses a fishbowl prize-draw design. Given that PB-CM interventions are gaining momentum to address the dual public health crises of opiate and stimulant use in North America and beyond, it is imperative that we better understand and critically analyze their implications.
The purpose of this scoping review paper is to identify the characteristics of PB-CM interventions for people who use substances and explore ethical implications documented in the literature as well as emerging ethical implications that merit further consideration.
The PRISMA-ScR checklist was used in conjunction with Arksey and O\'Malley\'s methodological framework to guide this scoping review. We completed a two-pronged analysis of 52 research articles retrieved through a comprehensive search across three key scholarly databases. After extracting descriptive data from each article, we used 9 key domains to identify characteristics of the interventions followed by an analysis of ethical implications.
We analyzed the characteristics of PB-CM interventions which were predominantly quantitative studies aimed at studying the efficacy of PB-CM interventions. All of the interventions used a prize-draw format with a classic magnitude of 50%. Most of the interventions combined both negative and positive direction to reward processes, behaviors, and/or outcomes. One ethical implication was identified in the literature: the risk of gambling relapse. We also found three emerging ethical implications by further analyzing participant characteristics, intervention designs, and potential impact on the patient-provider relationship. These implications include the potential deceptive nature of PB-CM, the emphasis placed on the individual behaviors to the detriment of social and structural determinants of health, and failures to address vulnerability and power dynamics.
This scoping review offers important insights into the ethics on PB-CM and its implications for research ethics, clinical ethics, and public health ethics. Additionally, it raises important questions that can inform future research and dialogues to further tease out the ethical issues associated with PB-CM.

The Journal of Oral Biosciences is devoted to the advancement and dissemination of fundamental knowledge concerning every aspect of oral biosciences.
This review featured the review articles in the fields of \"Microbiology,\" \"Palate,\" \"Stem Cells,\" \"Mucosal Diseases,\" \"Bone Cell Biology,\" \"MicroRNAs,\" \"TRPV1 Cation Channels,\" and \"Interleukins\" in addition to the review article by prize-winners of the \"Rising Members Award\" (\"DKK3 expression and function in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and other cancers\"), presented by the Japanese Association for Oral Biology.
These reviews in the Journal of Oral Biosciences have inspired the readers of the journal to broaden their knowledge regarding the various aspects of oral biosciences. The current editorial review introduces these exciting review articles.