Atlantoaxial dislocation is a common bony structural deformity in the craniovertebral junction area. It can cause severe neurological defects, seriously affect the patient\'s life quality, and even threaten the patient\'s life. The most effective treatment for patients with apparent clinically symptoms is surgical treatment. In recent years, with the development of surgical techniques, posterior facet distraction and fusion (PFDF) technique has gradually become an important technique for the treatment of atlantoaxial dislocation. In order to better standardize the diagnosis and treatment of patients with atlantoaxial dislocation and the application of PFDF technique, based on the existing evidence, the Spine and Spinal Cord Group in Neurosurgical Society of Chinese Medical Association and the Chinese Craniovertebral Junction Malformation Research Alliance and Craniovertebral Junction Malformation Alliance of National Center for Neurological Disorders organized experts in relevant fields to fully discuss and formulated the \"Expert consensus on posterior facet distraction and fusion technique for the treatment of atlantoaxial dislocation（2024）\". This consensus elaborates and recommends the preoperative evaluation, surgical techniques, and management of complications using PFDF technique for the treatment of atlantoaxial dislocation. It is intended to provide guidance for surgeons who encounter problems in the treatment of atlantoaxial dislocation using PFDF technique.
寰枢椎脱位是常见的颅颈交界区畸形，可引起严重的神经损害，影响患者生活质量，甚至威胁患者生命。对于临床症状明显的寰枢椎脱位患者，手术治疗是其最有效的治疗方式。近年来，随着手术技术的发展，后路寰枢椎关节间撑开复位融合技术逐渐成为寰枢椎脱位治疗的重要技术之一。为了更好地规范寰枢椎脱位患者的诊治，推广应用后路寰枢椎关节间撑开复位融合技术，中华医学会神经外科学分会脊髓脊柱学组和中国颅颈交界区畸形研究联盟暨国家神经疾病医学中心颅颈交界区畸形联盟基于现有循证医学证据，组织相关领域专家充分讨论后制定了《后路寰枢椎关节间撑开复位融合技术治疗寰枢椎脱位专家共识（2024）》。本共识对后路寰枢椎关节间撑开复位融合技术治疗寰枢椎脱位的术前评估、手术操作、并发症处理等方面进行了详细阐述并提出推荐意见，旨在为临床应用提供指导性建议。.

Atlantoaxial instability (AAI) has a higher incidence rate among individuals with Down syndrome (DS) than the non-DS population. In 2011, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) updated its AAI screening guidelines for children with DS from radiographic screening to radiographs only if there are clinical symptoms suggestive of cervical spine pathology. An assessment of whether this alteration has been associated with an increase in AAI-associated spinal cord injury has not been undertaken.
We provide the first neurosurgical review of a large experience implementing the 2011 AAP guidelines. We reviewed the courses of patients with DS seen at the Sie Center for Down Syndrome at Children\'s Hospital Colorado who were evaluated for cervical spine disease and determined whether screening radiographic imaging could have led to earlier diagnosis or prevented development of neurological deficits. We also report an illustrative case of a 5-year-old female with Down syndrome who presented with instability after normal screening radiographs per the pre-2011 guidelines.
The clinical experience of the Sie Center demonstrates that even when limiting imaging to patients who show signs or symptoms of spine pathology, the vast majority of x-rays are negative. Our exemplary patient presented to the emergency department for neck pain without a history of significant trauma. She was diagnosed and treated for atlantoaxial subluxation associated with os odontoideum.
Routine radiographic screening may not be sufficiently predictive of DS individuals at risk to develop AAI. This experience supports the appositeness of the de-escalation of care asserted by the guidelines.

Cranio-vertebral instability (CVI) due to loss of bony or ligamentous integrity is one of the sequelae that may result after a whiplash mechanism injury. Due to the lack of specificity of diagnostic tests, this condition is often missed and the default classification of whiplash associated disorder (WAD) is assigned. This case report describes a 14-year-old boy who was initially classified with WAD II after a rugby injury. He was initially advised to return to usual activity, a treatment recommended in clinical guidelines for WAD. Due to an adverse response to this course of action, his primary carer, a musculoskeletal physiotherapist, continued with facilitating secondary referrals that ultimately led to a specialist physiotherapist. The patient was subsequently found to have CVI arising from a loss of bony integrity due to spina bifida atlanto, a congenital defect in the atlas. Treatment thus was immobilization and stabilization, a treatment usually recommended against in WAD guidelines. The patient recovered and within 8 weeks had returned to school and non-contact sports. This case study, therefore, presents a scenario where current clinical guidelines for whiplash could not be followed, and where pursuing clinical reasoning led to accurate diagnosis as well as safe and tailored management. The case also highlights the integrated roles that primary and specialist health professionals should play in the clinical pathway of care after WAD. As a result, an expanded diagnostic algorithm and pathway of care for WAD are proposed.

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A community survey was conducted in all adults with Down syndrome living in three health districts to see if there was any correlation between radiological and neurological abnormalities which could indicate the presence of atlantoaxial instability. There was no difference in the proportion of individuals with neurological abnormalities in the group with radiological abnormalities suggestive of atlantoaxial instability (6/14) compared with individuals with normal X-rays (50/123) as determined by the chi square test (0.01463: not significant). The clinical and ethical implications for screening of people with Down syndrome living in the community are discussed in view of these findings.