BACKGROUND: Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI) is a disorder of tooth development characterized by abnormal enamel formation. In order to detect other dental and jawbone abnormalities that could be associated with AI, a retrospective and analytic study was conducted comparing panoramic radiographs of AI and non-AI patients.
METHODS: Digital panoramic radiographs of 60 AI and 60 non-AI patients were examined. Abnormalities in dental number, size, shape, eruption, and in the shape of the dental arches were checked and blindly recorded by two experimented observers. Descriptive statistics using percentages and chi-square test with .05 level of significance value was used.
RESULTS: Prevalence of supernumerary teeth, dental agenesis, microdontia, taurodontism, radicular dilacerations, dental inclusions, temporary teeth persistence, and pulp calcifications was significantly higher in AI patients compared to control patients. Prevalence of periapical images, cysts, and hypercementosis was lower in AI patients compared to control patients, with no statistically significant difference. A significant prevalence of mandibular hypoplasia was also noted in AI patients.
CONCLUSIONS: In addition to enamel defect, panoramic radiography was useful in detecting other dental abnormalities and mandibular hypoplasia associated with AI and should therefore be systematically indicated for AI patients\' care.

METHODS: Gingival conditions and tooth sensitivity of young patients with amelogenesis imperfecta lack in depth studies. This case-control study aimed to compare (1) the gingival inflammation, the presence of enamel defects, and tooth sensitivity in young patients with and without amelogenesis imperfecta and (2) to investigate if any difference exists between subtypes of amelogenesis imperfecta. We compared forty-two participants with amelogenesis imperfecta with forty-two controls matched for age, gender, and the number of examined sites. Based on interview, clinical examination, and intraoral photography, we collected data on periodontal conditions, enamel defects and the presence of tooth sensitivity. Comparison tests were performed to investigate if any difference existed between cases and controls; and among cases, between the different subtypes of amelogenesis imperfecta. We performed a post-hoc analysis for any significant difference observed.
RESULTS: We observed more gingival inflammation, enamel defects and tooth sensitivity among cases (all p<0.05). Participants with hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta had more gingival inflammation, enamel defects, and tooth sensitivity than patients with the hypoplastic and hypomature subtypes (all p<0.05). After adjustment for dental plaque, gingival inflammation was associated with the presence of amelogenesis imperfecta (OR (95%CI) = 1.14 (1.05; 1.24). p<0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: Gingival inflammation, enamel defect and tooth sensitivity are more frequently observed among young patients with amelogenesis imperfecta, and more specifically among children with the hypocalcified subtype.

OBJECTIVE: To assess dental maturation in children with amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) and compare their estimated dental age with the age of non-AI children.
RESULTS: Panoramic radiographs of children with (n = 27) and without (n = 54) AI were retrospectively collected in the ratio of 1:2. The former consisted of case group, while the latter figured as control group. Both groups were paired by sex and age (P > .05). Dental maturation was assessed in each radiograph using Demirjian\'s staging technique and Willems\' method. Intra- and interexaminer reproducibility reached >0.8. The mean estimated dental age in subjects with AI was 12.5 ± 2.69 years, while in subjects without AI it was 11.73 ± 2.48 years (P = .21). The comparison of mean chronological (12.26 ± 2.6 years) and estimated dental age (12.5 ± 2.69 years) in subjects with AI did not reveal statistically significant differences (P = .38).
CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the similarity of dental maturation between subjects with and without AI from the radiographic perspective of crown-root formation.

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate clinical success and satisfaction of patients with amelogenesis imperfecta treated with three different types of bonded restorations at a university clinic.
One hundred fifty-four restorations in 15 subjects with mean age of 17.3 years (SD 8.2) were evaluated after treatment with three different types of bonded restorations: all ceramic enamel-dentin bonded restorations, prefabricated composite veneers, and direct composite resin restorations. A modified version of the Californian Dental Association system for quality evaluation of dental care and a questionnaire assessing patient satisfaction were used for classification. The restorations were evaluated with respect to patient satisfaction, esthetics, technical, and biological complications.
Mean observation period for the restorations was 42.5 months (SD 35.6). All restorations were in place at the time of the examination. Surface and color calibration showed a success of 95% for the ceramic enamel-dentin bonded restorations, 44% for the direct composite resin restorations, and 0% for the prefabricated composite veneers. The same pattern was evident for anatomy and marginal integrity. The subjects reported a high degree of satisfaction with both the esthetics and function of their restorations.
The results indicated that all ceramic restorations demonstrated the best results for patients with amelogenesis imperfecta.

UNASSIGNED: The aims of this study are to present sociodemographic and familial characteristics, clinical and systemic findings, dental treatment needs, and concomitant dental anomalies in patients with amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) and to evaluate time-varying conditions in these long-term follow-up patients.
UNASSIGNED: Records of patients with AI who were examined in the Department of Pediatric Dentistry between 1999 and 2017 were reviewed. Information about sociodemographic characteristics, history of AI and consanguinity in family, systemic conditions, reasons for referral to the clinic, oral hygiene habits and gingival health, occlusion findings, and performed treatments were gathered. Dental anomalies in radiographs were also evaluated. Baseline and final situations of the patients were assessed. Statistical analyses were performed.
UNASSIGNED: Of 75 patients aged 3-15 years with follow-ups up to 12 years, 34 had AI in their families and 15 were born from consanguineous marriages. Nephrocalcinosis has been observed in 5 patients. Main reasons for referral to the clinic were related to esthetic and hypersensitivity concerns. Twenty-two patients had gingivitis, and during follow-up process, gingival problems could not be completely prevented due to poor oral hygiene habits. Vertical dimension loss, open-bite, and cross-bite were seen in 16, 15, and 10 patients, respectively. Of the patients, 63% experienced restorative, 33% stainless steel crown, 17% endodontic, 8% prosthetic treatments, and 24% had retreatment needs. Concomitant dental anomalies were dens invaginatus, taurodontism, ectopic eruption, delayed eruption, hypodontia, and pulpal calcification.
UNASSIGNED: Early diagnosis and interventions considering the time-varying conditions with long-term follow-ups provide significant improvements in clinical maintenance of patients with AI.

Aim: To investigate the etching patterns of hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) in primary molars pretreated with 5.25% NaOCl prior to phosphoric acid application using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Study design: Ten hypocalcified AI primary molars were collected, sectioned longitudinally into 2 parts and allocated into two groups of ten specimens each. The enamel surface in the first group (control group) was etched using 37% phosphoric acid gel for 15 seconds; while in the second group (study group), it was pretreated using 5.25 sodium hypochlorite(NaOCl) for 60 seconds prior to acid etching. Each specimen was examined at 16 different sites, and evaluated for the etching pattern (types I, II, and III) distribution using SEM. A total of 320 microphotographs at 1,500 magnification were obtained using Auto-Cad 2007 software. Results: The etching pattern with phosphoric acid was not uniform with predominance of type III etching (65.63%), while the pretreated enamel surfaces showed a significant increase in type I and II(82.5%) etching patterns (P<0.001). Conclusion: Treatment of primary teeth affected by hypocalcified AI using 5.25% NaOCl prior to phosphoric acid etching significantly improves the etching pattern which is required for good resin bonding.

This qualitative study was conducted to explore parental attitudes and values regarding aesthetics and treatment needs of children in primary dentition affected by AI and DI. A purposive sample of parents of young children attended two focus groups: mothers (n = 7) and fathers (n = 6). A topic guide with open-ended questions was formulated and standardised photographs showing primary teeth affected by varying severity of AI/DI and photographs of different aesthetic treatments were utilised to stimulate discussion. Data was audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. A cross-sectional thematic analysis was performed which identified six main themes; the impact on affected children, the impact on parents, the life course of the disease, coping mechanisms, treatment need, and experience of treatment. Parents believed that young children were aware of their altered dental appearance. A feeling of guilt was evident among fathers affected by the same condition. Most parents sought dental treatment before starting school due to worries of bullying at school. Parents appeared to rely solely on the professional advice of the paediatric dentist in making all treatment related decisions. The personal experience of parents affected by AI/DI played a pivotal role in parent\'s judgements of their children\'s teeth and perceived need for treatment.

Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a rare, genetically determined defect in enamel mineralization. Several problems are associated with AI: hypersensitivity, wear, restorations requiring replacement, gingivitis, aesthetic problems, and social avoidance. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of crown therapy in young individuals with AI showing excellent results. This study reports results from a long-term-follow-up with focus on quality, longevity and adverse events.
The RCT included 27 patients (aged 11-22 years) with severe AI in need of crown therapy and used a split-mouth technique. After placing 119 Procera® crowns and 108 IPS e.max Press crowns following randomization, we assessed longevity, quality, adverse events, and tooth sensitivity and calculated survival rates and success rates.
We followed the original 227 crowns for 4.3-7.4 years (mean 5.5 ± 0.8). In all, 79% (193) crowns were followed for at least 5 years. The survival rate was 99.6% and the success rate, 94.7%; 95% of the crowns had excellent or acceptable quality. Due to suboptimal marginal integrity, 4% of the crowns required adjustment. Sensitivity problems decreased after crown therapy (p < 0.001). All adverse events occurred in patients aged 19-23 years and involved apical periodontitis (3% of teeth); all but two events were related to dental trauma in the actual tooth.
Ceramic crown therapy in adolescents and young adults with severe forms of AI show excellent survival and success rates and longevity with few adverse events.
Ceramic crown therapy can be recommended for adolescents and young adults with severe forms of amelogenesis imperfecta.

Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) refers to a group of rare genetic disorders that involve tooth development and that are passed down through families as a dominant trait. This condition is characterized by abnormal enamel formation caused by gene mutations that alter the quality and/or quantity of enamel. This dental problem can impact both primary and permanent dentition, varies among affected individuals, and results in esthetic and functional problems. This condition caused the patient in the current case report to have a lack of confidence when speaking. The treatment for amelogenesis imperfecta depends on the severity of the problem and age of the patient. It is crucial to plan a proper remedy, which requires collaboration among dental specialties to execute comprehensive dental treatment in order to provide a long-term solution with adequate esthetics. The current clinical study presents a patient affected by AI that was diagnosed when the patient was a child. The interdisciplinary treatment continued throughout his childhood and into adult life. The initial treatment consisted of resin composite veneers and stainless-steel crowns to restore the defective tooth structure. The malocclusion of the patient was corrected using a fixed orthodontic appliance that was placed when he had an entire permanent dentition. The treatment plan was eventually intended to include all ceramic crowns and veneers.

Patients with Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) can present with rapid tooth loss or fractures of enamel as well as alterations in enamel thickness, color, and shape; factors that may compromise aesthetic appearance and masticatory function. The aim was to explore the experiences and perceptions of adolescents and young adults living with AI and receiving early prosthetic therapy. Seven patients with severe AI aged 16 to 23 years who underwent porcelain crown therapy participated in one-to-one individual interviews. The interviews followed a topic guide consisting of open-ended questions related to experiences of having AI. Transcripts from the interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. The analysis process identified three main themes: Disturbances in daily life, Managing disturbances, and Normalization of daily life. These themes explain the experiences of patients living with enamel disturbances caused by AI and receiving early crown therapy. Experiences include severe pain and sensitivity problems, feelings of embarrassment, and dealing with dental staff that lack knowledge and understanding of their condition. The patients described ways to manage their disturbances and to reduce pain when eating or drinking, and strategies for meeting other people. After definitive treatment with porcelain crown therapy, they described feeling like a normal patient. In conclusion the results showed that adolescents and young adults describe a profound effect of AI on several aspects of their daily life.