乳腺癌,全球癌症相关死亡的主要原因,表现出不同的亚型与不同的病理,遗传,和临床特征。尽管在乳腺癌治疗方面取得了进展,其组织学和分子异质性构成了重大的临床挑战。三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC),一种缺乏靶向治疗的高度侵袭性亚型,增加了乳腺癌治疗的复杂性。近年来见证了先进的3D文化技术的发展,例如类器官和球体,提供更有代表性的健康人体组织和各种恶性肿瘤的模型。这些结构,在结构和功能上相似的器官,通过自组织过程从干细胞或器官特异性祖细胞产生。值得注意的是,3D培养系统弥合了2D培养和体内研究之间的差距,提供更准确的体内肿瘤特征表示。外泌体,由乳腺癌和基质/癌症相关的成纤维细胞分泌的小纳米大小的分子,引起了极大的关注。它们在细胞间通讯中起着至关重要的作用,影响肿瘤进展,入侵,和转移。与传统的2D文化相比,3D文化环境提高了外泌体效率,影响特定货物的转移和治疗效果。此外,3D外泌体已显示出改善治疗结果的希望,作为癌症治疗管理的潜在载体。研究已经证明了它们在促血管生成中的作用以及它们在模拟无副作用的细胞疗法中的先天治疗潜力。3D外泌体模型具有解决与耐药性相关的挑战的潜力,提供对多药耐药潜在机制的见解,并作为药物筛选的平台。这篇综述旨在强调3D培养系统在研究乳腺癌中的关键作用。特别是在了解外泌体在癌症病理中的参与。
Breast cancer, a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, exhibits distinct subtypes with varying pathological, genetic, and clinical characteristics. Despite advancements in breast cancer treatments, its histological and molecular heterogeneity pose a significant clinical challenge. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a highly aggressive subtype lacking targeted therapeutics, adds to the complexity of breast cancer treatment. Recent years have witnessed the development of advanced 3D culture technologies, such as organoids and spheroids, providing more representative models of healthy human tissue and various malignancies. These structures, resembling organs in structure and function, are generated from stem cells or organ-specific progenitor cells via self-organizing processes. Notably, 3D culture systems bridge the gap between 2D cultures and in vivo studies, offering a more accurate representation of in vivo tumors\' characteristics. Exosomes, small nano-sized molecules secreted by breast cancer and stromal/cancer-associated fibroblast cells, have garnered significant attention. They play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication, influencing tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. The 3D culture environment enhances exosome efficiency compared to traditional 2D cultures, impacting the transfer of specific cargoes and therapeutic effects. Furthermore, 3D exosomes have shown promise in improving therapeutic outcomes, acting as potential vehicles for cancer treatment administration. Studies have demonstrated their role in pro-angiogenesis and their innate therapeutic potential in mimicking cellular therapies without side effects. The 3D exosome model holds potential for addressing challenges associated with drug resistance, offering insights into the mechanisms underlying multidrug resistance and serving as a platform for drug screening. This review seeks to emphasize the crucial role of 3D culture systems in studying breast cancer, especially in understanding the involvement of exosomes in cancer pathology.