Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of propofol, ketamine-propofol and isoflurane, at similar anesthetic depth, on cardiopulmonary variables in unpremedictated chickens.
METHODS: Prospective, randomized, crossover experimental trial.
METHODS: A total of 10 male Leghorn domestic chickens, aged 3 months and body mass 1.4-2.0 kg.
METHODS: Birds were randomly assigned to each of three anesthetic protocols, 7 days apart: intravenous propofol, intravenous ketamine-propofol or isoflurane. Anesthesia was induced (indicated by loss of righting reflex and tracheal intubation) and maintained with propofol (10 mg kg-1 minute-1, then 1.1 mg kg-1 minute-1), ketamine-propofol (5 mg mL-1 ketamine and 5 mg mL-1 propofol combined; 10 mg kg-1 minute-1, then 1.1 mg kg-1 minute-1) or isoflurane [5% vaporizer setting initially, then end-tidal concentration (Fe\'Iso) of 2%] for 65 minutes. Anesthesia was maintained at a similar anesthetic depth based upon positive or negative responses to toe pinch. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), noninvasive arterial blood pressure and arterial blood gases were measured during anesthesia. Propofol or ketamine-propofol infusion rates and Fe\'Iso required to prevent movement in response to a noxious stimulus and recovery times were recorded.
RESULTS: Anesthesia induction dose was 9.0 ± 0.8 (mean ± SD) and 12.2 ± 0.3 mg kg-1 for propofol and ketamine-propofol, respectively. Propofol and ketamine-propofol infusion rates and Fe\'Iso required to prevent movement in response to the noxious stimulus were 0.88 ± 0.14 mg kg-1 minute-1, 0.92 ± 0.14 mg kg-1 minute-1 and 1.45 ± 0.28%, respectively. Cardiopulmonary variables remained clinically acceptable, but ketamine-propofol was associated with a significantly higher HR (p = 0.0001) and lower fR (p = 0.0001). Time to extubation did not differ among treatments.
CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular and respiratory variables were maintained within normal ranges in all treatments. Coadministration of ketamine with propofol significantly reduced the induction and maintenance dose of propofol.
METHODS: Prospective, randomized, crossover experimental trial.
METHODS: A total of 10 male Leghorn domestic chickens, aged 3 months and body mass 1.4-2.0 kg.
METHODS: Birds were randomly assigned to each of three anesthetic protocols, 7 days apart: intravenous propofol, intravenous ketamine-propofol or isoflurane. Anesthesia was induced (indicated by loss of righting reflex and tracheal intubation) and maintained with propofol (10 mg kg-1 minute-1, then 1.1 mg kg-1 minute-1), ketamine-propofol (5 mg mL-1 ketamine and 5 mg mL-1 propofol combined; 10 mg kg-1 minute-1, then 1.1 mg kg-1 minute-1) or isoflurane [5% vaporizer setting initially, then end-tidal concentration (Fe\'Iso) of 2%] for 65 minutes. Anesthesia was maintained at a similar anesthetic depth based upon positive or negative responses to toe pinch. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), noninvasive arterial blood pressure and arterial blood gases were measured during anesthesia. Propofol or ketamine-propofol infusion rates and Fe\'Iso required to prevent movement in response to a noxious stimulus and recovery times were recorded.
RESULTS: Anesthesia induction dose was 9.0 ± 0.8 (mean ± SD) and 12.2 ± 0.3 mg kg-1 for propofol and ketamine-propofol, respectively. Propofol and ketamine-propofol infusion rates and Fe\'Iso required to prevent movement in response to the noxious stimulus were 0.88 ± 0.14 mg kg-1 minute-1, 0.92 ± 0.14 mg kg-1 minute-1 and 1.45 ± 0.28%, respectively. Cardiopulmonary variables remained clinically acceptable, but ketamine-propofol was associated with a significantly higher HR (p = 0.0001) and lower fR (p = 0.0001). Time to extubation did not differ among treatments.
CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular and respiratory variables were maintained within normal ranges in all treatments. Coadministration of ketamine with propofol significantly reduced the induction and maintenance dose of propofol.
摘要：
目的：为了比较异丙酚的效果，氯胺酮-异丙酚和异氟烷，在类似的麻醉深度，关于未用药鸡的心肺变量。
方法：前瞻性，随机化，交叉实验试验。
方法：共有10只雄性来亨鸡，年龄3个月，体重1.4-2.0公斤。
方法：将鸟类随机分配到三种麻醉方案中的每一种中，间隔7天：静脉注射异丙酚，静脉注射氯胺酮-丙泊酚或异氟烷。诱导麻醉（以正正反射丧失和气管插管表示）并用异丙酚维持（10mgkg-1分钟-1，然后1.1mgkg-1分钟-1），氯胺酮-异丙酚（5mgmL-1氯胺酮和5mgmL-1异丙酚联合；10mgkg-1分钟-1，然后1.1mgkg-1分钟-1）或异氟烷[最初设定为5％蒸发器，然后潮气末浓度(Fe\'Iso)为2%]持续65分钟。根据对脚趾捏的积极或消极反应，将麻醉维持在相似的麻醉深度。心率(HR)呼吸频率（fR），在麻醉期间测量无创动脉血压和动脉血气。记录丙泊酚或氯胺酮-丙泊酚输注速率以及防止因有害刺激而运动所需的Fe\'Iso和恢复时间。
结果：丙泊酚和氯胺酮-丙泊酚的麻醉诱导剂量为9.0±0.8（平均值±SD）和12.2±0.3mgkg-1，分别。丙泊酚和氯胺酮-丙泊酚输注速率和防止运动响应有害刺激所需的Fe\'Iso为0.88±0.14mgkg-1分钟-1，0.92±0.14mgkg-1分钟-1和1.45±0.28％，分别。心肺变量在临床上仍然可以接受，但氯胺酮-异丙酚与显著较高的HR(p=0.0001)和较低的fR(p=0.0001)相关.拔管时间在治疗中没有差异。
结论：在所有治疗中，心血管和呼吸变量均维持在正常范围内。氯胺酮与丙泊酚的共同给药显著降低了丙泊酚的诱导和维持剂量。
方法：前瞻性，随机化，交叉实验试验。
方法：共有10只雄性来亨鸡，年龄3个月，体重1.4-2.0公斤。
方法：将鸟类随机分配到三种麻醉方案中的每一种中，间隔7天：静脉注射异丙酚，静脉注射氯胺酮-丙泊酚或异氟烷。诱导麻醉（以正正反射丧失和气管插管表示）并用异丙酚维持（10mgkg-1分钟-1，然后1.1mgkg-1分钟-1），氯胺酮-异丙酚（5mgmL-1氯胺酮和5mgmL-1异丙酚联合；10mgkg-1分钟-1，然后1.1mgkg-1分钟-1）或异氟烷[最初设定为5％蒸发器，然后潮气末浓度(Fe\'Iso)为2%]持续65分钟。根据对脚趾捏的积极或消极反应，将麻醉维持在相似的麻醉深度。心率(HR)呼吸频率（fR），在麻醉期间测量无创动脉血压和动脉血气。记录丙泊酚或氯胺酮-丙泊酚输注速率以及防止因有害刺激而运动所需的Fe\'Iso和恢复时间。
结果：丙泊酚和氯胺酮-丙泊酚的麻醉诱导剂量为9.0±0.8（平均值±SD）和12.2±0.3mgkg-1，分别。丙泊酚和氯胺酮-丙泊酚输注速率和防止运动响应有害刺激所需的Fe\'Iso为0.88±0.14mgkg-1分钟-1，0.92±0.14mgkg-1分钟-1和1.45±0.28％，分别。心肺变量在临床上仍然可以接受，但氯胺酮-异丙酚与显著较高的HR(p=0.0001)和较低的fR(p=0.0001)相关.拔管时间在治疗中没有差异。
结论：在所有治疗中，心血管和呼吸变量均维持在正常范围内。氯胺酮与丙泊酚的共同给药显著降低了丙泊酚的诱导和维持剂量。
