Abstract：
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with increased risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is estimated that 40 % of people with diabetes have CKD, which consequently leads to increase in morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is leading cause of CKD and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) globally. On the other hand, DKD is independent risk factor for CVDs, stroke and overall mortality. According to the guidelines, using spot urine sample and assessing urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are both mandatory methods for screening of CKD in T2D at diagnosis and at least annually thereafter. Diagnosis of CKD is confirmed by persistent albuminuria followed by a progressive decline in eGFR in two urine samples at an interval of 3 to 6 months. However, many patients with T2D remain underdiagnosed and undertreated, so there is an urgent need to improve the screening by detection of albuminuria at all levels of health care. This review discusses the importance of albuminuria as a marker of CKD and cardiorenal risk and provides insights into the practical aspects of methods for determination of albuminuria in routine clinical care of patients with T2D.
摘要：
2型糖尿病（T2D）与慢性肾脏疾病（CKD）的风险增加有关。据估计，40%的糖尿病患者患有CKD，从而导致心血管疾病（CVD）的发病率和死亡率增加。糖尿病肾病（DKD）是全球CKD和终末期肾病（ESRD）的主要原因。另一方面,DKD是心血管疾病的独立危险因素，中风和总死亡率。根据指导方针,使用点尿样,评估尿白蛋白/肌酐比值(UACR)和估算的肾小球滤过率(eGFR)都是诊断时和至少每年一次筛查T2DCKD的强制性方法.CKD的诊断由持续的白蛋白尿证实，随后在间隔3至6个月的两个尿液样本中eGFR逐渐下降。然而,许多T2D患者仍未被诊断和治疗不足，因此，迫切需要在各级医疗保健中通过检测蛋白尿来提高筛查。这篇综述讨论了白蛋白尿作为CKD和心肾风险标志物的重要性，并提供了对T2D患者常规临床护理中白蛋白尿测定方法的实际方面的见解。
