Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of tongue position on facial morphology of Pakistani adults and different growth patterns.
METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Orthodontics, Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan, from January to April 2021.
METHODS: The study included individuals aged 17 to 30 years with no history of prior orthodontic treatment, absence of wound, burn, or scar tissue in the neck region, comfortable breathing through the nose, absence of deglutition disorder, and a skeletal Class I or II relationship. The exclusion criteria were a cleft lip or palate, or a history of chronic mouth breathing, snoring, or tonsillectomy. According to their skeletal relationships, the subjects were split into three groups; Group I (low-angle), Group II (normal growth), and Group III (high-angle). Vertical growth pattern was assessed on radiograph by interpreting the values of NS / ML (nasion-sella / mandibular plane) angle, and angle formed between FH / ML (Frankfort horizontal plane / mandibular plane). A predesigned proforma was used to record all the measurements made on pre-treatment lateral cephalograms by the sole investigator. Data were analysed using SPSS 24.0.
RESULTS: Data from the lateral cephalogram of 79 patients, consisting of 18 (22.8%) males and 61 (77.2%) females who met the inclusion criteria, were analysed. The sample included 15 low-angle, 45 normal vertical growth, and 19 high-angle cases. Fifty participants had Class I skeletal relationships, while 29 had Class II relationships. According to the ANOVA test, FH / ML and NS / ML measurements showed no statistically significant variations in tongue position and growth trends.
CONCLUSIONS: There was no statistically significant difference between tongue position and facial morphology of Class I or II subjects with different vertical growth patterns. However, there was a statistically sufficient evidence showing the tongue height was greater in Class I skeletal relationship patients as compared to Class II skeletal cases (p = 0.008).
BACKGROUND: Tongue position, Tongue space, Tongue length, Growth pattern.
METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Orthodontics, Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan, from January to April 2021.
METHODS: The study included individuals aged 17 to 30 years with no history of prior orthodontic treatment, absence of wound, burn, or scar tissue in the neck region, comfortable breathing through the nose, absence of deglutition disorder, and a skeletal Class I or II relationship. The exclusion criteria were a cleft lip or palate, or a history of chronic mouth breathing, snoring, or tonsillectomy. According to their skeletal relationships, the subjects were split into three groups; Group I (low-angle), Group II (normal growth), and Group III (high-angle). Vertical growth pattern was assessed on radiograph by interpreting the values of NS / ML (nasion-sella / mandibular plane) angle, and angle formed between FH / ML (Frankfort horizontal plane / mandibular plane). A predesigned proforma was used to record all the measurements made on pre-treatment lateral cephalograms by the sole investigator. Data were analysed using SPSS 24.0.
RESULTS: Data from the lateral cephalogram of 79 patients, consisting of 18 (22.8%) males and 61 (77.2%) females who met the inclusion criteria, were analysed. The sample included 15 low-angle, 45 normal vertical growth, and 19 high-angle cases. Fifty participants had Class I skeletal relationships, while 29 had Class II relationships. According to the ANOVA test, FH / ML and NS / ML measurements showed no statistically significant variations in tongue position and growth trends.
CONCLUSIONS: There was no statistically significant difference between tongue position and facial morphology of Class I or II subjects with different vertical growth patterns. However, there was a statistically sufficient evidence showing the tongue height was greater in Class I skeletal relationship patients as compared to Class II skeletal cases (p = 0.008).
BACKGROUND: Tongue position, Tongue space, Tongue length, Growth pattern.
摘要：
目的：确定舌位对巴基斯坦成年人和不同生长方式的面部形态的影响。
方法：横断面研究。研究的地点和持续时间：正畸学系，卡拉奇医学和牙科学院，卡拉奇,巴基斯坦,2021年1月至4月。
方法：该研究包括年龄在17至30岁之间、无正畸治疗史的个体，没有伤口,燃烧,或颈部的疤痕组织，通过鼻子舒适的呼吸，没有吞咽障碍，和骨骼I类或II类关系。排除标准是唇裂或腭裂，或者有慢性口呼吸的病史，打鼾,或者扁桃体切除术.根据他们的骨骼关系，受试者分为三组；第一组(低角度)，第二组（正常生长），和第三组（高角度）。通过解释NS/ML（nasion-sella/下颌平面）角度的值，在X线片上评估垂直生长模式，和FH/ML（法兰克福水平面/下颌平面）之间形成的角度。使用预先设计的形式记录唯一研究者对治疗前侧位脑电图进行的所有测量。数据采用SPSS24.0进行分析。
结果：数据来自79例患者的侧颅图，由符合入选标准的18名(22.8%)男性和61名(77.2%)女性组成，进行了分析。样品包括15个低角度，45正常垂直生长，和19个高角度案例。50名参与者有I类骨骼关系，而29人有II类关系。根据方差分析测试，FH/ML和NS/ML测量显示舌位和生长趋势没有统计学上的显着变化。
结论：具有不同垂直生长模式的I类或II类受试者的舌位和面部形态之间没有统计学上的显着差异。然而,有足够的统计学证据表明,与II类骨骼病例相比,I类骨骼关系患者的舌头高度更高(p=0.008).
背景：舌头位置，舌头空间，舌头长度,增长模式。
方法：横断面研究。研究的地点和持续时间：正畸学系，卡拉奇医学和牙科学院，卡拉奇,巴基斯坦,2021年1月至4月。
方法：该研究包括年龄在17至30岁之间、无正畸治疗史的个体，没有伤口,燃烧,或颈部的疤痕组织，通过鼻子舒适的呼吸，没有吞咽障碍，和骨骼I类或II类关系。排除标准是唇裂或腭裂，或者有慢性口呼吸的病史，打鼾,或者扁桃体切除术.根据他们的骨骼关系，受试者分为三组；第一组(低角度)，第二组（正常生长），和第三组（高角度）。通过解释NS/ML（nasion-sella/下颌平面）角度的值，在X线片上评估垂直生长模式，和FH/ML（法兰克福水平面/下颌平面）之间形成的角度。使用预先设计的形式记录唯一研究者对治疗前侧位脑电图进行的所有测量。数据采用SPSS24.0进行分析。
结果：数据来自79例患者的侧颅图，由符合入选标准的18名(22.8%)男性和61名(77.2%)女性组成，进行了分析。样品包括15个低角度，45正常垂直生长，和19个高角度案例。50名参与者有I类骨骼关系，而29人有II类关系。根据方差分析测试，FH/ML和NS/ML测量显示舌位和生长趋势没有统计学上的显着变化。
结论：具有不同垂直生长模式的I类或II类受试者的舌位和面部形态之间没有统计学上的显着差异。然而,有足够的统计学证据表明,与II类骨骼病例相比,I类骨骼关系患者的舌头高度更高(p=0.008).
背景：舌头位置，舌头空间，舌头长度,增长模式。
