Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Chronic pain is a public health issue, leading to substantial healthcare costs and diminished quality of life for sufferers. While the role of anxiety in pain modulation has been extensively studied, the effects of other emotional states on the body\'s pain control mechanisms remain less understood. This study sought to explore how different emotions (happiness, anger, sadness, and interest) affect conditioned pain modulation (CPM) and the wind-up phenomenon in healthy adults.
METHODS: This randomized controlled, cross-over trial involved 28 healthy participants aged 18-60. Participants watched video clips designed to induce specific emotions: happiness, anger, sadness, and interest. Emotional states were assessed using a 7-point Likert scale. Pain modulation was measured using CPM and the wind-up phenomenon. CPM was assessed with a hot water bath as the conditioning stimulus and pressure pain tolerance as the test stimulus. Wind-up was measured using pinprick needle stimulators and a visual analog scale. Data were analyzed using paired t tests to compare pre- and post-emotion induction values.
RESULTS: Significant changes in emotional self-assessment values were observed for all emotions. Happiness increased CPM (4.6 ± 11.4, p = 0.04277), while sadness - 9.9 ± 23.1, p = 0.03211) and anger - 9.1 ± 23.3, p = 0.04804) decreased it. Interest did not significantly alter CPM (- 5.1 ± 25.8, p = 0.31042). No significant effects were found for the wind-up phenomenon across any emotional states.
CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that emotional states significantly affect the body\'s ability to modulate pain. Positive emotions like happiness enhance pain inhibition, while negative emotions such as sadness and anger impair it. These findings suggest that emotional modulation techniques could be integrated into pain management strategies to improve patient outcomes. Further research should explore a broader range of emotions and include objective measures to validate these results.
Chronic pain is a widespread problem that affects millions of people and leads to high healthcare costs and decreased quality of life. Understanding how emotions impact pain can help us find better ways to manage it. This study looked at how different emotions (happiness, anger, sadness, and interest) affect the ability of the body to naturally control pain in healthy adults. Participants experienced different tests in a random order, like flipping a coin to decide the order. Each participant took part in all the tests to compare how different conditions affected them. We measured changes in their pain perception using two methods: conditioned pain modulation, which reflects how well the body can suppress pain after experiencing another painful stimulus, and the wind-up phenomenon, which measures how pain intensity increases with repeated stimulation. We found that emotions affected the body’s ability to control pain. Sadness and anger reduced the efficacy of conditioned pain modulation, making it harder for the body to reduce pain. Happiness improved CPM, enhancing the body’s natural ability to stop pain. Interest did not significantly change how pain was felt. We also did not find any significant changes in the wind-up phenomenon for any of the emotions tested. The results suggest that positive emotions like happiness can help reduce pain, while negative emotions like sadness and anger can make pain worse. This could lead to new pain management approaches that include methods to boost positive emotions and reduce negative ones.
METHODS: This randomized controlled, cross-over trial involved 28 healthy participants aged 18-60. Participants watched video clips designed to induce specific emotions: happiness, anger, sadness, and interest. Emotional states were assessed using a 7-point Likert scale. Pain modulation was measured using CPM and the wind-up phenomenon. CPM was assessed with a hot water bath as the conditioning stimulus and pressure pain tolerance as the test stimulus. Wind-up was measured using pinprick needle stimulators and a visual analog scale. Data were analyzed using paired t tests to compare pre- and post-emotion induction values.
RESULTS: Significant changes in emotional self-assessment values were observed for all emotions. Happiness increased CPM (4.6 ± 11.4, p = 0.04277), while sadness - 9.9 ± 23.1, p = 0.03211) and anger - 9.1 ± 23.3, p = 0.04804) decreased it. Interest did not significantly alter CPM (- 5.1 ± 25.8, p = 0.31042). No significant effects were found for the wind-up phenomenon across any emotional states.
CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that emotional states significantly affect the body\'s ability to modulate pain. Positive emotions like happiness enhance pain inhibition, while negative emotions such as sadness and anger impair it. These findings suggest that emotional modulation techniques could be integrated into pain management strategies to improve patient outcomes. Further research should explore a broader range of emotions and include objective measures to validate these results.
Chronic pain is a widespread problem that affects millions of people and leads to high healthcare costs and decreased quality of life. Understanding how emotions impact pain can help us find better ways to manage it. This study looked at how different emotions (happiness, anger, sadness, and interest) affect the ability of the body to naturally control pain in healthy adults. Participants experienced different tests in a random order, like flipping a coin to decide the order. Each participant took part in all the tests to compare how different conditions affected them. We measured changes in their pain perception using two methods: conditioned pain modulation, which reflects how well the body can suppress pain after experiencing another painful stimulus, and the wind-up phenomenon, which measures how pain intensity increases with repeated stimulation. We found that emotions affected the body’s ability to control pain. Sadness and anger reduced the efficacy of conditioned pain modulation, making it harder for the body to reduce pain. Happiness improved CPM, enhancing the body’s natural ability to stop pain. Interest did not significantly change how pain was felt. We also did not find any significant changes in the wind-up phenomenon for any of the emotions tested. The results suggest that positive emotions like happiness can help reduce pain, while negative emotions like sadness and anger can make pain worse. This could lead to new pain management approaches that include methods to boost positive emotions and reduce negative ones.
摘要：
背景：慢性疼痛是一个公共卫生问题，导致大量的医疗费用和患者的生活质量下降。虽然焦虑在疼痛调节中的作用已被广泛研究，其他情绪状态对身体疼痛控制机制的影响仍然知之甚少。这项研究试图探索不同的情绪(幸福，愤怒,悲伤，和兴趣）影响健康成年人的条件性疼痛调节（CPM）和结束现象。
方法：本随机对照，交叉试验涉及28名年龄在18-60岁的健康参与者.参与者观看了旨在诱发特定情绪的视频剪辑：幸福，愤怒,悲伤，和兴趣。使用7分Likert量表评估情绪状态。使用CPM和卷起现象测量疼痛调制。用热水浴评估CPM作为调节刺激,用压力疼痛耐受性作为测试刺激。使用针刺刺激器和视觉模拟量表测量发条。使用配对t检验对数据进行分析，以比较情绪前和情绪后的诱导值。
结果：所有情绪均观察到情绪自我评估值的显着变化。幸福感增加了CPM（4.6±11.4，p=0.04277），悲伤-9.9±23.1，p=0.03211）和愤怒-9.1±23.3，p=0.04804）降低了它。利息没有显著改变CPM(-5.1±25.8,p=0.31042)。在任何情绪状态下，结束现象均未发现显着影响。
结论：这项研究表明，情绪状态显著影响身体调节疼痛的能力。像快乐这样的积极情绪增强了疼痛抑制，而悲伤和愤怒等负面情绪会削弱它。这些发现表明，情绪调节技术可以整合到疼痛管理策略中，以改善患者的预后。进一步的研究应该探索更广泛的情绪，并包括客观的措施来验证这些结果。
慢性疼痛是一个广泛的问题，影响着数百万人，并导致高昂的医疗费用和生活质量下降。了解情绪如何影响疼痛可以帮助我们找到更好的方法来管理它。这项研究着眼于不同的情绪(幸福，愤怒,悲伤，和兴趣）影响身体自然控制健康成年人疼痛的能力。参与者以随机顺序经历了不同的测试，比如掷硬币来决定顺序。每个参与者都参加了所有测试，以比较不同条件对他们的影响。我们使用两种方法测量他们疼痛感知的变化：条件性疼痛调节，这反映了身体在经历另一次痛苦刺激后抑制疼痛的能力，和结束现象，它测量疼痛强度如何随着反复刺激而增加。我们发现情绪影响身体控制疼痛的能力。悲伤和愤怒降低了条件性疼痛调制的功效，使身体更难减轻疼痛。幸福改善了CPM，增强身体止痛的自然能力。兴趣并没有显著改变疼痛的感觉。对于任何测试的情绪，我们也没有发现结束现象的任何显着变化。结果表明，像快乐这样的积极情绪可以帮助减轻疼痛，而像悲伤和愤怒这样的负面情绪会让疼痛变得更糟。这可能会导致新的疼痛管理方法，包括增强积极情绪和减少消极情绪的方法。
方法：本随机对照，交叉试验涉及28名年龄在18-60岁的健康参与者.参与者观看了旨在诱发特定情绪的视频剪辑：幸福，愤怒,悲伤，和兴趣。使用7分Likert量表评估情绪状态。使用CPM和卷起现象测量疼痛调制。用热水浴评估CPM作为调节刺激,用压力疼痛耐受性作为测试刺激。使用针刺刺激器和视觉模拟量表测量发条。使用配对t检验对数据进行分析，以比较情绪前和情绪后的诱导值。
结果：所有情绪均观察到情绪自我评估值的显着变化。幸福感增加了CPM（4.6±11.4，p=0.04277），悲伤-9.9±23.1，p=0.03211）和愤怒-9.1±23.3，p=0.04804）降低了它。利息没有显著改变CPM(-5.1±25.8,p=0.31042)。在任何情绪状态下，结束现象均未发现显着影响。
结论：这项研究表明，情绪状态显著影响身体调节疼痛的能力。像快乐这样的积极情绪增强了疼痛抑制，而悲伤和愤怒等负面情绪会削弱它。这些发现表明，情绪调节技术可以整合到疼痛管理策略中，以改善患者的预后。进一步的研究应该探索更广泛的情绪，并包括客观的措施来验证这些结果。
慢性疼痛是一个广泛的问题，影响着数百万人，并导致高昂的医疗费用和生活质量下降。了解情绪如何影响疼痛可以帮助我们找到更好的方法来管理它。这项研究着眼于不同的情绪(幸福，愤怒,悲伤，和兴趣）影响身体自然控制健康成年人疼痛的能力。参与者以随机顺序经历了不同的测试，比如掷硬币来决定顺序。每个参与者都参加了所有测试，以比较不同条件对他们的影响。我们使用两种方法测量他们疼痛感知的变化：条件性疼痛调节，这反映了身体在经历另一次痛苦刺激后抑制疼痛的能力，和结束现象，它测量疼痛强度如何随着反复刺激而增加。我们发现情绪影响身体控制疼痛的能力。悲伤和愤怒降低了条件性疼痛调制的功效，使身体更难减轻疼痛。幸福改善了CPM，增强身体止痛的自然能力。兴趣并没有显著改变疼痛的感觉。对于任何测试的情绪，我们也没有发现结束现象的任何显着变化。结果表明，像快乐这样的积极情绪可以帮助减轻疼痛，而像悲伤和愤怒这样的负面情绪会让疼痛变得更糟。这可能会导致新的疼痛管理方法，包括增强积极情绪和减少消极情绪的方法。
