Abstract：
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global public health problem. Nevertheless, the knowledge of the factors driving the spread of resistance among environmental microorganisms is limited, and few studies have been performed worldwide. Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) have long been considered bioindicators of environmental pollution and more recently also of AMR. In this study, 53 bacterial strains isolated from the body surface of honey bees at three ontogenetic stages, collected from ten different geographic locations, were tested for their phenotypic and genotypic resistance to eight classes of the most widely used antimicrobials in human and veterinary medicine. Results showed that 83% of the strains were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and 62% were multidrug-resistant bacteria, with a prevalence of resistance to nalidixic acid, cefotaxime, and aztreonam. A high percentage of isolates harbouring at least one antimicrobial gene was also observed (85%). The gene encoding resistance to colistin mcr-1 was the most abundant, followed by those for tetracycline tetM and tetC. Geographical features influenced the distribution of these traits more than bacterial species or bee stage, supporting the use of honey bee colonies and their associated bacteria as indicators to monitor environmental resistance. This approach can improve the scientific understanding of this global threat by increasing data collection capacity.
摘要：
抗菌素耐药性(AMR)是一个重大的全球性公共卫生问题。然而，对驱动抗性在环境微生物之间传播的因素的了解是有限的，在世界范围内进行的研究很少。蜜蜂（ApismelliferaL.）长期以来一直被认为是环境污染的生物指标，最近也被认为是AMR的生物指标。在这项研究中,在三个个体发育阶段，从蜜蜂的体表中分离出53种细菌菌株，从十个不同的地理位置收集，测试了它们对人类和兽医学中八类最广泛使用的抗菌剂的表型和基因型抗性。结果表明，83%的菌株对至少一种抗菌药物耐药，62%为多重耐药菌，对萘啶酸的耐药性普遍存在，头孢噻肟,还有氨曲南.还观察到高百分比的具有至少一种抗微生物基因的分离株(85%)。编码对粘菌素mcr-1抗性的基因最丰富，其次是四环素tetM和tetC。地理特征对这些性状分布的影响超过细菌种类或蜜蜂阶段，支持使用蜜蜂菌落及其相关细菌作为监测环境抗性的指标。这种方法可以通过提高数据收集能力来提高对这一全球威胁的科学理解。
