Abstract：
The petrous bone contains significantly higher amounts of DNA than any other human bone. Because of highly destructive sampling and because it is not always part of the recovered remains, the need for alternative sources of DNA is important. To identify additional optimal bone types, petrous bones were compared to femurs, tali, and calcanei sampled from 66 adult skeletons from two distinct modern-era Christian cemeteries. An extraction method employing full demineralization was used to obtain DNA, real-time PCR quantification to ascertain DNA quantity and degradation, and a commercial forensic short tandem repeats (STR) PCR amplification kit to determine genetic profiles. Statistical analysis was performed to explore the differences in DNA yield, DNA degradation, and success of STR amplification. A systematic studies exploring intra-skeletal variability in DNA preservation including various excavation sites differing by time period and geographical position are rare, and the second part of the investigation was based on a comparison of both archaeological sites, which allowed us to compare the effect of different post-mortem intervals and environmental conditions on DNA preservation. The older burial site in Črnomelj was active between the 13th and 18th century, whereas the more recent Polje burial was in use from the 16th to 19th century, creating different temporal and geographical environments. Results for the Črnomelj burial site revealed that the petrous bone outperformed all other bone types studied, except the calcaneus. At the Polje archeological site calcanei, tali, and femurs yielded the same STR typing success as petrous bones. The results obtained highlight the importance of careful bone sample selection for DNA analysis of aged skeletal remains. In addition to petrous bones, calcanei were found to be an alternative source of DNA when older burial sites are investigated. When more recent burial sites are processed, calcanei, tali, and femurs should be sampled besides petrous bones, not only because they exhibited good performance, but also because of easier sampling and easier grinding in the case of trabecular bones. This study contributes valuable insights into the potential use of various skeletal types as a source of DNA for investigation of aged skeletal remains, and it offers practical implications for forensic and archaeological investigations.
摘要：
岩骨含有比任何其他人类骨骼高得多的DNA量。由于具有高度破坏性的采样，并且由于它并不总是回收的遗骸的一部分，DNA的替代来源的需要是重要的。要确定其他最佳骨骼类型，岩骨与股骨相比，塔利,和calcanei从两个不同的现代基督教墓地的66个成人骨骼中取样。采用完全去矿质的提取方法用于获得DNA，实时PCR定量以确定DNA数量和降解，和商业法医短串联重复序列（STR）PCR扩增试剂盒，以确定遗传概况。进行统计分析以探索DNA产量的差异，DNA降解,以及STR扩增的成功。很少有系统的研究探索DNA保存中骨骼内的变异性，包括不同时间段和地理位置不同的挖掘地点，调查的第二部分是基于两个考古遗址的比较，这使我们能够比较不同的死后间隔和环境条件对DNA保存的影响。errnomelj的较旧墓地在13至18世纪之间活跃，而最近的Polje墓葬在16至19世纪使用，创造不同的时间和地理环境。errnomelj埋葬地点的结果表明，岩骨的表现优于所有其他研究的骨类型，除了跟骨.在波列考古遗址Calcanei，塔利,股骨的STR分型成功率与岩骨相同。获得的结果强调了仔细选择骨骼样本对老化骨骼遗骸的DNA分析的重要性。除了岩骨，当调查较旧的墓地时，发现calcanei是DNA的替代来源。当最近的墓地被处理时，calcanei,塔利,除了岩骨之外，还应该对股骨进行采样，不仅因为它们表现良好，而且还因为在小梁骨的情况下更容易取样和更容易研磨。这项研究为各种骨骼类型作为DNA来源的潜在用途提供了宝贵的见解，用于研究老化的骨骼遗骸。它为法医和考古调查提供了实际意义。
