Abstract：
In ecosystems, sharks can be predators, competitors, facilitators, nutrient transporters, and food. However, overfishing and other threats have greatly reduced shark populations, altering their roles and effects on ecosystems. We review these changes and implications for ecosystem function and management. Macropredatory sharks are often disproportionately affected by humans but can influence prey and coastal ecosystems, including facilitating carbon sequestration. Like terrestrial predators, sharks may be crucial to ecosystem functioning under climate change. However, large ecosystem effects of sharks are not ubiquitous. Increasing human uses of oceans are changing shark roles, necessitating management consideration. Rebuilding key populations and incorporating shark ecological roles, including less obvious ones, into management efforts are critical for retaining sharks\' functional value. Coupled social-ecological frameworks can facilitate these efforts.
摘要：
在生态系统中,鲨鱼可以成为捕食者,竞争对手,主持人，营养转运蛋白,和食物。然而,过度捕捞和其他威胁大大减少了鲨鱼数量，改变它们对生态系统的作用和影响。我们回顾了这些变化以及对生态系统功能和管理的影响。大型捕食性鲨鱼通常不成比例地受到人类的影响，但会影响猎物和沿海生态系统。包括促进碳封存。像陆地捕食者一样，鲨鱼可能对气候变化下的生态系统功能至关重要。然而,鲨鱼对生态系统的影响并不普遍。人类越来越多地使用海洋正在改变鲨鱼的角色，需要管理层考虑。重建重点种群并整合鲨鱼的生态角色，包括不太明显的，投入管理努力对于保留鲨鱼的功能价值至关重要。耦合的社会生态框架可以促进这些努力。
