Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Using ultraprocessed food (UPF) to replace traditional feed ingredients offers a promising strategy for enhancing food production sustainability.
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of salty and sugary UPF on gut microbiota, amino acids uptake, and serum analytes in growing and finishing pig.
METHODS: Thirty-six Swiss Large White male castrated pigs were assigned to 3 experimental diets: 1) standard (ST), 0% UPF; 2) 30% conventional ingredients replaced by sugary (SU) UPF; and 3) 30% conventional ingredients replaced by salty (SA) UPF. The next-generation sequencing was used to characterize the fecal microbiota. Transepithelial electrical resistance and the active uptake of selected amino acids in pig jejuna were also evaluated. Data were enriched with measurements of fecal volatile fatty acids and serum urea, minerals, and insulin. All data analyses were run in R v4.0.3. The packages phyloseq, vegan, microbiome, and microbiomeutilities were used for microbiota data analysis. The remaining data were analyzed by analysis of variance using linear mixed-effects regression models.
RESULTS: The UPF did not affect fecal microbiota abundance or biodiversity. The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio remained unaffected. SU-induced increase in the Anaerostipes genus suggested altered glucose metabolism, whereas SA increased the abundance of CAG-352 and p-2534-18B. No effects on fecal volatile fatty acids were observed. Assumptions of UPF negatively affecting small intestinal physiology were not supported by the measurements of transepithelial electrical resistance in pigs. Active amino acids uptake tests showed potential decrease in L-glutamate absorption in the SA compared with the SU diet. Blood serum analysis indicated no adverse effects on urea, calcium, magnesium, or potassium concentration but the SU group resulted in a lower blood serum insulin concentration at the time of blood collection.
CONCLUSIONS: When incorporated at 30% into a standard growing finishing diet for pigs, UPF does not have detrimental effects on gut microbiota, intestinal integrity, and blood mineral homeostasis.
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of salty and sugary UPF on gut microbiota, amino acids uptake, and serum analytes in growing and finishing pig.
METHODS: Thirty-six Swiss Large White male castrated pigs were assigned to 3 experimental diets: 1) standard (ST), 0% UPF; 2) 30% conventional ingredients replaced by sugary (SU) UPF; and 3) 30% conventional ingredients replaced by salty (SA) UPF. The next-generation sequencing was used to characterize the fecal microbiota. Transepithelial electrical resistance and the active uptake of selected amino acids in pig jejuna were also evaluated. Data were enriched with measurements of fecal volatile fatty acids and serum urea, minerals, and insulin. All data analyses were run in R v4.0.3. The packages phyloseq, vegan, microbiome, and microbiomeutilities were used for microbiota data analysis. The remaining data were analyzed by analysis of variance using linear mixed-effects regression models.
RESULTS: The UPF did not affect fecal microbiota abundance or biodiversity. The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio remained unaffected. SU-induced increase in the Anaerostipes genus suggested altered glucose metabolism, whereas SA increased the abundance of CAG-352 and p-2534-18B. No effects on fecal volatile fatty acids were observed. Assumptions of UPF negatively affecting small intestinal physiology were not supported by the measurements of transepithelial electrical resistance in pigs. Active amino acids uptake tests showed potential decrease in L-glutamate absorption in the SA compared with the SU diet. Blood serum analysis indicated no adverse effects on urea, calcium, magnesium, or potassium concentration but the SU group resulted in a lower blood serum insulin concentration at the time of blood collection.
CONCLUSIONS: When incorporated at 30% into a standard growing finishing diet for pigs, UPF does not have detrimental effects on gut microbiota, intestinal integrity, and blood mineral homeostasis.
摘要：
背景：使用超加工食品（UPF）代替传统的饲料成分为增强食品生产的可持续性提供了有希望的策略。
目的：分析含盐和含糖UPF对肠道菌群的影响，氨基酸吸收，和生长和育肥猪的血清分析物。
方法：将36头瑞士大白雄性去势猪分配到三种实验饮食中：（1）标准（ST），0%UPF;(2)用含糖UPF(SU)代替30%常规成分;和(3)用咸UPF(SA)代替30%常规成分。使用下一代测序来表征粪便微生物群。还评估了跨上皮电阻（TEER）和猪jejuna中选定氨基酸的主动吸收。通过测量粪便挥发性脂肪酸和血清尿素来丰富数据，矿物质和胰岛素。所有数据分析均在Rv4.0.3中运行。软件包phyloseq，素食主义者,微生物组和微生物效用用于微生物群数据分析。其余数据采用线性混合效应回归模型进行方差分析。
结果：UPF不影响粪便微生物群丰度或生物多样性。Firmicutes与拟杆菌的比率保持不变。SU诱导的厌氧菌属的增加表明葡萄糖代谢改变，而SA增加了CAG-352和p-2534-18B的丰度。未观察到对粪便挥发性脂肪酸的影响。猪的TEER测量不支持UPF对小肠生理产生负面影响的假设。活性氨基酸摄取测试表明，与SU饮食相比，SA中L-谷氨酸的吸收可能会降低。血清分析显示对尿素无不良影响，钙，镁或钾浓度，但SU组导致采血时血清胰岛素水平较低。
结论：当在猪的标准生长结束日粮中加入30%时，UPF对肠道微生物群没有不利影响，肠道完整性和血液矿物质稳态。
目的：分析含盐和含糖UPF对肠道菌群的影响，氨基酸吸收，和生长和育肥猪的血清分析物。
方法：将36头瑞士大白雄性去势猪分配到三种实验饮食中：（1）标准（ST），0%UPF;(2)用含糖UPF(SU)代替30%常规成分;和(3)用咸UPF(SA)代替30%常规成分。使用下一代测序来表征粪便微生物群。还评估了跨上皮电阻（TEER）和猪jejuna中选定氨基酸的主动吸收。通过测量粪便挥发性脂肪酸和血清尿素来丰富数据，矿物质和胰岛素。所有数据分析均在Rv4.0.3中运行。软件包phyloseq，素食主义者,微生物组和微生物效用用于微生物群数据分析。其余数据采用线性混合效应回归模型进行方差分析。
结果：UPF不影响粪便微生物群丰度或生物多样性。Firmicutes与拟杆菌的比率保持不变。SU诱导的厌氧菌属的增加表明葡萄糖代谢改变，而SA增加了CAG-352和p-2534-18B的丰度。未观察到对粪便挥发性脂肪酸的影响。猪的TEER测量不支持UPF对小肠生理产生负面影响的假设。活性氨基酸摄取测试表明，与SU饮食相比，SA中L-谷氨酸的吸收可能会降低。血清分析显示对尿素无不良影响，钙，镁或钾浓度，但SU组导致采血时血清胰岛素水平较低。
结论：当在猪的标准生长结束日粮中加入30%时，UPF对肠道微生物群没有不利影响，肠道完整性和血液矿物质稳态。
