PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Most species of Papilionidae are large and beautiful ornamental butterflies. They are recognized as model organisms in ecology, evolutionary biology, genetics, and conservation biology but present numerous unresolved phylogenetic problems. Complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) have been widely used in phylogenetic studies of butterflies, but mitogenome knowledge within the family Papilionidae is limited, and its phylogeny is far from resolved. In this study, we first report the mitogenome of Byasa confusa from the subfamily Papilioninae of Papilionidae. The mitogenome of B. confusa is 15,135 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and an AT-rich control region (CR), closely mirroring the genomic structure observed in related butterfly species. Comparative analysis of 77 Papilionidae mitogenomes shows gene composition and order to be identical to that of an ancestral insect, and the AT bias, Ka/Ks, and relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) are all consistent with that of other reported butterfly mitogenomes. We conducted phylogenetic analyses using maximum-likelihood (ML) and Bayesian-inference (BI) methods, with 77 Papilionidae species as ingroups and two species of Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae as outgroups. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that B. confusa were clustered within Byasa. The phylogenetic trees show the monophyly of the subfamily Papilioninae and the tribes Leptocircini, Papilionini, and Troidini. The data supported the following relationships in tribe level on Papilioninae: (((Troidini + Papilionini) + Teinopalpini) + Leptocircini). The divergence time analysis suggests that Papilionidae originated in the late Creataceous. Overall, utilizing the largest number of Papilionidae mitogenomes sequenced to date, with the current first exploration in a phylogenetic analysis on Papilionidae (including four subfamilies), this study comprehensively reveals the mitogenome characteristics and mitogenome-based phylogeny, providing information for further studies on the mitogenome, phylogeny, evolution, and taxonomic revision of the Papilionidae family.
摘要：
Papilionidae的大多数物种是大型而美丽的观赏蝴蝶。它们被认为是生态学中的模式生物，进化生物学,遗传学,和保护生物学，但存在许多未解决的系统发育问题。完整的线粒体基因组（有丝分裂基因组）已广泛用于蝴蝶的系统发育研究，但是乳头科的有丝分裂基因组知识是有限的，它的系统发育远未解决。在这项研究中,我们首先报道了Papilionidae亚科的Byasaconfusa的有丝分裂基因组。B.confusa的有丝分裂基因组长度为15,135bp，包含13个蛋白质编码基因，22个转移RNA基因，2核糖体RNA基因，和富AT控制区(CR)，密切反映了在相关蝴蝶物种中观察到的基因组结构。对77个Papilionidae有丝分裂基因组的比较分析表明，基因组成和顺序与祖先昆虫相同，和AT偏差，Ka/Ks,和相对同义密码子使用（RSCU）都与其他报道的蝴蝶有丝分裂基因组一致。我们使用最大似然(ML)和贝叶斯推理(BI)方法进行了系统发育分析，以77个Papilionidae物种为内群，而Numphalidae和Lycaenidae两个物种为外群。系统发育分析表明，B.confusa在Byasa中成簇。系统发育树显示了Papilioninae亚科和Leptocircircini部落的单系，Papilionini,还有Troidini.数据支持Papilioninae上部落级别的以下关系：（（（TroidiniPapilionini）Teinopalpini）Leptocircircini）。分歧时间分析表明，蛇纹虫科起源于晚期肌理。总的来说,利用迄今为止测序的最大数量的乳头科有丝分裂基因组，随着目前对蛇纹虫科（包括四个亚科）的系统发育分析的首次探索，本研究全面揭示了有丝分裂基因组特征和基于有丝分裂基因组的系统发育，为有丝分裂基因组的进一步研究提供信息，系统发育,进化,和蛇纹虫科的分类学修订。
