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Abstract：
Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential element for human life, acting as a cofactor in various enzymes crucial for metabolic homeostasis. This review provides a comprehensive insight into the latest advances in research on molybdenum-containing enzymes and their clinical significance. One of these enzymes is xanthine oxidase (XO), which plays a pivotal role in purine catabolism, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) capable of inducing oxidative stress and subsequent organ dysfunction. Elevated XO activity is associated with liver pathologies such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Aldehyde oxidases (AOs) are also molybdenum-containing enzymes that, similar to XO, participate in drug metabolism, with notable roles in the oxidation of various substrates. However, beneath its apparent efficacy, AOs\' inhibition may impact drug effectiveness and contribute to liver damage induced by hepatotoxins. Another notable molybdenum-enzyme is sulfite oxidase (SOX), which catalyzes the conversion of sulfite to sulfate, crucial for the degradation of sulfur-containing amino acids. Recent research highlights SOX\'s potential as a diagnostic marker for HCC, offering promising sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing cancerous lesions. The newest member of molybdenum-containing enzymes is mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component (mARC), involved in drug metabolism and detoxification reactions. Emerging evidence suggests its involvement in liver pathologies such as HCC and NAFLD, indicating its potential as a therapeutic target. Overall, understanding the roles of molybdenum-containing enzymes in human physiology and disease pathology is essential for advancing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for various health conditions, particularly those related to liver dysfunction. Further research into the molecular mechanisms underlying these enzymes\' functions could lead to novel treatments and improved patient outcomes.
摘要：
钼(Mo)是人类生活的必需元素,在对代谢稳态至关重要的各种酶中充当辅因子。本文综述了含钼酶研究的最新进展及其临床意义。这些酶之一是黄嘌呤氧化酶（XO），在嘌呤分解代谢中起着关键作用，产生能够诱导氧化应激和随后的器官功能障碍的活性氧（ROS）。XO活性升高与肝脏病理如非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)和肝细胞癌(HCC)相关。醛氧化酶（AOs）也是含钼的酶，类似于XO，参与药物代谢，在各种底物的氧化中具有显着的作用。然而,在其明显的功效之下，AOs的抑制可能会影响药物的有效性，并导致肝毒素引起的肝损伤。另一种值得注意的钼酶是亚硫酸盐氧化酶（SOX），催化亚硫酸盐转化为硫酸盐，含硫氨基酸的降解至关重要。最近的研究强调了SOX作为HCC诊断标志物的潜力，在区分癌性病变方面提供有希望的敏感性和特异性。含钼酶的最新成员是线粒体胺肟还原成分（mARC），参与药物代谢和解毒反应。新出现的证据表明其参与肝脏病变，如HCC和NAFLD，表明其作为治疗靶标的潜力。总的来说,了解含钼酶在人体生理和疾病病理中的作用对于推进各种健康状况的诊断和治疗策略至关重要。特别是那些与肝功能障碍有关的。对这些酶功能的分子机制的进一步研究可能会导致新的治疗方法和改善患者预后。
