Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Endurance is an important capacity to sustain healthy lifestyles. Aged garlic extract (AGE) has been reported to exert an endurance-enhancing effect in clinical and animal studies, although little is known about its active ingredients and mechanism of action.
OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the potential effect of S-1-propenylcysteine (S1PC), a characteristic sulfur amino acid in AGE, on the swimming endurance of mice, and examined its mechanism of action by a metabolomics-based approach.
METHODS: Male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice (6 wk old) were orally administered either water (control) or S1PC (6.5 mg/kg/d) for 2 wk. The swimming duration to exhaustion was measured at 24 h after the final administration. Nontargeted metabolomic analysis was conducted on the plasma samples obtained from mice after 40-min submaximal swimming bouts. Subsequently, the enzyme activity of carnitine acyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) and the content of malonyl-coenzyme A (CoA), acetyl-CoA, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were quantified in heart, skeletal muscles, and liver of mice.
RESULTS: The duration time of swimming was substantially increased in the S1PC-treated mice as compared with the control group. Metabolomic analysis revealed significant alterations in the plasma concentration of the metabolites involved in fatty acid metabolism, in particular medium- or long-chain acylcarnitines in the mice treated with S1PC. Moreover, the administration of S1PC significantly enhanced the CPT-1 activity with the concomitant decrease in the malonyl-CoA content in the heart and skeletal muscles. These effects of S1PC were accompanied by the elevation of the acetyl-CoA and ATP levels to enhance the energy production in those tissues.
CONCLUSIONS: S1PC is a key constituent responsible for the endurance-enhancing effect of AGE. This study suggests that S1PC helps provide energy during endurance exercise by increasing fatty acid metabolism via CPT-1 activation in the heart and skeletal muscles.
OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the potential effect of S-1-propenylcysteine (S1PC), a characteristic sulfur amino acid in AGE, on the swimming endurance of mice, and examined its mechanism of action by a metabolomics-based approach.
METHODS: Male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice (6 wk old) were orally administered either water (control) or S1PC (6.5 mg/kg/d) for 2 wk. The swimming duration to exhaustion was measured at 24 h after the final administration. Nontargeted metabolomic analysis was conducted on the plasma samples obtained from mice after 40-min submaximal swimming bouts. Subsequently, the enzyme activity of carnitine acyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) and the content of malonyl-coenzyme A (CoA), acetyl-CoA, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were quantified in heart, skeletal muscles, and liver of mice.
RESULTS: The duration time of swimming was substantially increased in the S1PC-treated mice as compared with the control group. Metabolomic analysis revealed significant alterations in the plasma concentration of the metabolites involved in fatty acid metabolism, in particular medium- or long-chain acylcarnitines in the mice treated with S1PC. Moreover, the administration of S1PC significantly enhanced the CPT-1 activity with the concomitant decrease in the malonyl-CoA content in the heart and skeletal muscles. These effects of S1PC were accompanied by the elevation of the acetyl-CoA and ATP levels to enhance the energy production in those tissues.
CONCLUSIONS: S1PC is a key constituent responsible for the endurance-enhancing effect of AGE. This study suggests that S1PC helps provide energy during endurance exercise by increasing fatty acid metabolism via CPT-1 activation in the heart and skeletal muscles.
摘要：
背景：耐力是维持健康生活方式的重要能力。据报道，陈年大蒜提取物（AGE）在临床和动物研究中具有增强耐力的作用，尽管对其活性成分和作用机理知之甚少。
目的：当前的研究调查了S-1-丙烯酰半胱氨酸（S1PC）的潜在作用，AGE中的一种典型的含硫氨基酸，小鼠的游泳耐力，并通过基于代谢组学的方法检查其作用机制。
方法:将雄性ICR小鼠(6周龄)口服施用水(对照)或S1PC(6.5mg/kg/天)2周,并在最后一次施用后24小时测量游泳持续时间至力竭。在40分钟亚最大游泳发作后,对从小鼠获得的血浆样品进行非靶向代谢组学分析。随后，肉碱酰基转移酶-1（CPT-1）的酶活性和丙二酰辅酶A（CoA）的含量，乙酰辅酶A和三磷酸腺苷（ATP）在心脏定量，小鼠的骨骼肌和肝脏。
结果:与对照组相比,S1PC处理的小鼠的游泳持续时间显著增加。代谢组学分析显示，参与脂肪酸代谢的代谢物的血浆水平发生了显着变化，特别是用S1PC处理的小鼠中的中链或长链酰基肉碱。此外，S1PC的施用显着增强了CPT-1活性，同时降低了心脏和骨骼肌中的丙二酰辅酶A含量。S1PC的这些作用伴随着乙酰辅酶A和ATP水平的升高，以增强这些组织中的能量产生。
结论：S1PC是AGE增强耐力作用的关键成分。本研究表明，S1PC通过在心脏和骨骼肌中激活CPT-1来增加脂肪酸代谢，从而在耐力运动中提供能量。
目的：当前的研究调查了S-1-丙烯酰半胱氨酸（S1PC）的潜在作用，AGE中的一种典型的含硫氨基酸，小鼠的游泳耐力，并通过基于代谢组学的方法检查其作用机制。
方法:将雄性ICR小鼠(6周龄)口服施用水(对照)或S1PC(6.5mg/kg/天)2周,并在最后一次施用后24小时测量游泳持续时间至力竭。在40分钟亚最大游泳发作后,对从小鼠获得的血浆样品进行非靶向代谢组学分析。随后，肉碱酰基转移酶-1（CPT-1）的酶活性和丙二酰辅酶A（CoA）的含量，乙酰辅酶A和三磷酸腺苷（ATP）在心脏定量，小鼠的骨骼肌和肝脏。
结果:与对照组相比,S1PC处理的小鼠的游泳持续时间显著增加。代谢组学分析显示，参与脂肪酸代谢的代谢物的血浆水平发生了显着变化，特别是用S1PC处理的小鼠中的中链或长链酰基肉碱。此外，S1PC的施用显着增强了CPT-1活性，同时降低了心脏和骨骼肌中的丙二酰辅酶A含量。S1PC的这些作用伴随着乙酰辅酶A和ATP水平的升高，以增强这些组织中的能量产生。
结论：S1PC是AGE增强耐力作用的关键成分。本研究表明，S1PC通过在心脏和骨骼肌中激活CPT-1来增加脂肪酸代谢，从而在耐力运动中提供能量。
