Abstract：
Harlow\'s seminal work on the nature of attachment focused on the importance of warm, responsive, and loving relationships in children\'s healthy development. While the need for love and care is arguably universal, the ways in which these emotions are expressed can vary across cultural contexts. We examined how Chinese American parents\' expressions of love were associated with children\'s attachment security. A total of 110 Chinese American immigrant parent-child dyads (children 7-11 years old, 49% girls) participated in 3-min conversations in which parents were instructed to communicate love and care. Proposition-level analyses in speech (total 8825 propositions) identified three types of affection: training (guan and chiao shun); relational affection (qin); and validation (acceptance and encouragement of child\'s own expression of emotion, thoughts, and behaviors). Higher training was observed in parents with lower American orientation and lower income. Higher relational affection was observed in parents with lower income. Higher validation was observed in parents with higher income. Using path analyses, training and validation were found to be positively associated with children\'s attachment security beyond parenting styles. Effects of parents\' relational affection were moderated by children\'s American orientation. Results demonstrate how immigrant parents draw on multiple cultural scripts to express love and care. These findings expand traditional concepts of parental love in immigrant families and illustrate how bicultural expressions of love can shape attachment security in middle childhood. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://youtu.be/HqUfIDxkFsE RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Analyses of parent-child discussions identified three parental affection styles (i.e., training, relational affection, and validation) as expressions of love and care in Chinese American immigrant families. Training and validation were positively associated with children\'s attachment security. Relational affection was associated with lower attachment security for children with higher American cultural orientation, suggesting the effects of parent-child expressions of love are shaped by acculturation.
摘要：
哈洛关于依恋性质的开创性工作集中在温暖的重要性上，响应，和爱的关系在儿童的健康发展。虽然对爱和关怀的需求可以说是普遍的，表达这些情感的方式可能因文化背景而异。我们研究了华裔美国父母的爱的表达如何与孩子的依恋安全相关联。共有110名美籍华人移民亲子双子(7-11岁儿童,49％的女孩）参加了3分钟的对话，其中指示父母传达爱和关怀。演讲中的命题水平分析（共8825个命题）确定了三种类型的情感：训练（关和乔顺）；关系情感（秦）；和验证（接受和鼓励孩子自己表达的情感，思想,和行为)。在美国人取向较低，收入较低的父母中，观察到了较高的培训。在收入较低的父母中观察到更高的关系情感。在收入较高的父母中观察到更高的验证。使用路径分析，培训和验证被发现与孩子的依恋安全呈正相关，超出了父母教养方式。父母关系情感的影响受到儿童美国倾向的调节。结果表明，移民父母如何利用多种文化脚本来表达爱和关怀。这些发现扩展了移民家庭中父母爱的传统观念，并说明了爱的双重文化表达如何在童年中期塑造依恋安全感。本文的视频摘要可以在https://youtu查看。be/HqUfIDxkFsE研究重点：对亲子讨论的分析确定了三种父母的感情风格(即培训,关系情感，和验证）在美籍华人移民家庭中表达了爱和关怀。训练和验证与儿童的依恋安全性呈正相关。对于具有较高美国文化取向的儿童，关系情感与较低的依恋安全性有关，这表明亲子表达爱的影响是由文化适应形成的。
