Abstract：
Radiation dosimetry is an important task for assessing the biological damages created in human being due to ionising radiation exposure. Ionising radiation being invisible and beyond the perception of human natural sensors, the dosimetry equipments/systems are the utmost requirement for its measurement. Retrospective measurement of radiation doses is a challenging task as conventional radiation dosemeters are not available at the exposure site. The material/s in close proximity of exposed individual or individuals\' biological samples may be used as retrospective radiation sensor for dosimetry purpose. Environment materials such as sand, bricks, ceramics, sand stones, quartz, feldspar, glasses and electronic chips have been utilised using TL (Thermoluminescence) techniques for retrospective gamma dose (min 10 cGy) measurement. Electron Spin Resonance techniques have been employed to human biological samples such as tooth enamel, bones, nails, hair, etc. and reported for dosimetry for ~20 cGy min dose measurement. Some commercial glasses have been found sensitive enough to measure the minimum gamma doses of the order of 100 cGy using TL techniques. For internal retrospective dosimetry, the radioactivity contamination assessment in food items, water, other edible product and ambient air are the prerequisites. The radioactivity concentration vis-à-vis their consumption rate may help in controlling the internal contamination and estimation of dose absorption in human body. Defence Laboratory, Jodhpur has been working extensively on the dosimetry techniques for external dose measurement using environmental material and developed portable contamination monitoring systems for food and water radioactivity measurement in the range of 50 Bq kg-1 to 1000 kBq kg-1 in 60 s measurement time. The recent research and development in the methodologies, equipments and systems undertaken towards capacity building and self-reliance in retrospective radiation dosimetry is reported in this paper.
摘要：
辐射剂量测定是评估由于电离辐射暴露而在人体中造成的生物损害的重要任务。电离辐射是不可见的，超出了人类自然传感器的感知，剂量测定设备/系统是其测量的最高要求。辐射剂量的回顾性测量是一项具有挑战性的任务，因为在暴露部位无法获得常规的辐射剂量。在暴露的个体或个体生物样品附近的材料可用作用于剂量测定目的的回顾性辐射传感器。环境材料，如沙子，砖块,陶瓷,砂石,石英,长石,眼镜和电子芯片已使用TL（热释光）技术进行回顾性伽马剂量（最小10cGy）测量。电子自旋共振技术已被用于人类生物样品，如牙釉质，骨头,指甲,头发,等。并报告了约20cGymin剂量测量的剂量测定。已经发现一些商业玻璃足够灵敏以使用TL技术测量100cGy量级的最小伽马剂量。对于内部回顾性剂量测定，食品中的放射性污染评估，水,其他可食用产品和环境空气是先决条件。相对于其消耗率的放射性浓度可能有助于控制内部污染和估计人体的剂量吸收。国防实验室,Jodhpur一直在广泛研究使用环境材料进行外部剂量测量的剂量测定技术，并开发了便携式污染监测系统，用于在60s的测量时间内进行50Bqkg-1至1000kBqkg-1范围内的食品和水放射性测量。最近在方法论方面的研究和发展，本文报道了在回顾性辐射剂量学中进行能力建设和自力更生的设备和系统。
