Abstract：
Two-component systems (TCSs) are prevalent signaling pathways in bacteria. These systems mediate phosphotransfer between histidine kinase and a response regulator, facilitating responses to diverse physical, chemical, and biological stimuli. Advancements in synthetic and structural biology have repurposed TCSs for applications in monitoring heavy metals, disease-associated biomarkers, and the production of bioproducts. However, the utility of many TCS biosensors is hindered by undesired performance due to the lack of effective engineering methods. Here, we briefly discuss the architectures and regulatory mechanisms of TCSs. We also summarize the recent advancements in TCS engineering by experimental or computational-based methods to fine-tune the biosensor functional parameters, such as response curve and specificity. Engineered TCSs have great potential in the medical, environmental, and biorefinery fields, demonstrating a crucial role in a wide area of biotechnology.
摘要：
双组分系统（TCS）是细菌中普遍存在的信号通路。这些系统介导组氨酸激酶和反应调节剂之间的磷酸转移，促进对不同身体的反应，化学,和生物刺激。合成和结构生物学的进步使TCS重新用于监测重金属，疾病相关生物标志物，和生物产品的生产。然而,由于缺乏有效的工程方法，许多TCS生物传感器的实用性受到不良性能的阻碍。这里,我们简要讨论了TCS的架构和监管机制。我们还总结了TCS工程的最新进展，通过实验或基于计算的方法来微调生物传感器的功能参数，如反应曲线和特异性。工程TCS在医疗领域具有巨大的潜力，环境,和生物炼制领域，在广泛的生物技术领域发挥着关键作用。
