Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: The stress experienced by a woman during pregnancy not only has a negative impact on her well-being and physical health but also adversely affects the fetus. Stress is strongly linked with time perspective, defined as the tendency to focus on the past, present, or future. The study aimed to investigate how couples\' balanced time perspective was related to maternal prenatal hair cortisol concentration and perceived stress in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy.
METHODS: The participants were pregnant women and their male partners (84 couples). Women completed online questionnaires: the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), the Dark Future Scale (DFS), and the Perceived Stress Scale, while men completed online versions of the ZTPI and the DFS. These questionnaire measurements were conducted in the first and third trimesters. Maternal cortisol levels were measured in hair samples taken during gynecological visits, in the first and third trimesters.
RESULTS: The study revealed that the more unbalanced the partner\'s time perspective, the more unbalanced the pregnant woman\'s time perspective and, consequently, the higher the stress perceived by the pregnant woman. This effect was present in both the first (B = 1.06, SE =.36, p <.001, 95 % CI [.398, 1.826]) and the third trimesters (B =.98, SE =.36, p <.001, 95 % CI [.327, 1.774]). Moreover, the more unbalanced the partner\'s time perspective, the more unbalanced the woman\'s time perspective and, consequently, the lower the hair cortisol concentration in the first trimester (B = -.08, SE =.04, p <.05, 95 % CI [-.171, -.010]). Partner\'s unbalanced time perspective in the first trimester was also a predictor of stress perceived by the woman in the third trimester (t = 2.38, p <.05).
CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest the significance of the partner\'s time perspective for the pregnant woman\'s mental health. The partner\'s unbalanced, negative time perspective in the first trimester may increase the pregnant woman\'s stress in the third trimester. This effect can be even stronger than that of the woman\'s time perspective.
METHODS: The participants were pregnant women and their male partners (84 couples). Women completed online questionnaires: the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), the Dark Future Scale (DFS), and the Perceived Stress Scale, while men completed online versions of the ZTPI and the DFS. These questionnaire measurements were conducted in the first and third trimesters. Maternal cortisol levels were measured in hair samples taken during gynecological visits, in the first and third trimesters.
RESULTS: The study revealed that the more unbalanced the partner\'s time perspective, the more unbalanced the pregnant woman\'s time perspective and, consequently, the higher the stress perceived by the pregnant woman. This effect was present in both the first (B = 1.06, SE =.36, p <.001, 95 % CI [.398, 1.826]) and the third trimesters (B =.98, SE =.36, p <.001, 95 % CI [.327, 1.774]). Moreover, the more unbalanced the partner\'s time perspective, the more unbalanced the woman\'s time perspective and, consequently, the lower the hair cortisol concentration in the first trimester (B = -.08, SE =.04, p <.05, 95 % CI [-.171, -.010]). Partner\'s unbalanced time perspective in the first trimester was also a predictor of stress perceived by the woman in the third trimester (t = 2.38, p <.05).
CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest the significance of the partner\'s time perspective for the pregnant woman\'s mental health. The partner\'s unbalanced, negative time perspective in the first trimester may increase the pregnant woman\'s stress in the third trimester. This effect can be even stronger than that of the woman\'s time perspective.
摘要：
目的：女性在怀孕期间经历的压力不仅对她的健康和身体健康有负面影响，而且对胎儿也有不利影响。压力与时间视角密切相关，定义为专注于过去的趋势，present,或未来。该研究旨在调查夫妇的平衡时间视角如何与孕妇产前皮质醇浓度和妊娠前三个月的感知压力有关。
方法：参与者是孕妇及其男性伴侣（84对夫妇）。女性完成了在线问卷：Zimbardo时间视角清单(ZTPI)，黑暗未来规模（DFS），和感知压力量表，而男性完成了ZTPI和DFS的在线版本。这些问卷测量是在孕早期和晚期进行的。在妇科就诊期间采集的头发样本中测量了产妇的皮质醇水平，在第一和第三个三个月。
结果：研究表明，伴侣的时间视角越不平衡，孕妇的时间视角越不平衡，因此,孕妇感受到的压力越高。该效应存在于第一阶段(B=1.06,SE=.36,p<.001,95%CI[.398,1.826])和第三阶段(B=.98,SE=.36,p<.001,95%CI[.327,1.774])。此外，合作伙伴的时间视角越不平衡，女人的时间视角越不平衡，因此,孕早期毛发皮质醇浓度越低(B=-.08,SE=.04,p<.05,95%CI[-.171,-.010])。伴侣在妊娠早期的不平衡时间视角也是女性在妊娠晚期感受到的压力的预测因素(t=2.38,p<.05)。
结论：结果表明伴侣的时间观点对孕妇的心理健康具有重要意义。合伙人不平衡，在妊娠早期的负面时间观点可能会增加孕妇在妊娠晚期的压力。这种效果甚至可以比女人的时间视角更强。
方法：参与者是孕妇及其男性伴侣（84对夫妇）。女性完成了在线问卷：Zimbardo时间视角清单(ZTPI)，黑暗未来规模（DFS），和感知压力量表，而男性完成了ZTPI和DFS的在线版本。这些问卷测量是在孕早期和晚期进行的。在妇科就诊期间采集的头发样本中测量了产妇的皮质醇水平，在第一和第三个三个月。
结果：研究表明，伴侣的时间视角越不平衡，孕妇的时间视角越不平衡，因此,孕妇感受到的压力越高。该效应存在于第一阶段(B=1.06,SE=.36,p<.001,95%CI[.398,1.826])和第三阶段(B=.98,SE=.36,p<.001,95%CI[.327,1.774])。此外，合作伙伴的时间视角越不平衡，女人的时间视角越不平衡，因此,孕早期毛发皮质醇浓度越低(B=-.08,SE=.04,p<.05,95%CI[-.171,-.010])。伴侣在妊娠早期的不平衡时间视角也是女性在妊娠晚期感受到的压力的预测因素(t=2.38,p<.05)。
结论：结果表明伴侣的时间观点对孕妇的心理健康具有重要意义。合伙人不平衡，在妊娠早期的负面时间观点可能会增加孕妇在妊娠晚期的压力。这种效果甚至可以比女人的时间视角更强。
