Abstract：
3D scanning and printing technologies are quickly evolving and offer great potential for use in gross anatomical education. The use of human body donors to create digital scans and 3D printed models raises ethical concerns about donor informed consent, potential commodification, and access to and storage of potentially identifiable anatomical reproductions. This paper reviews available literature describing ethical implications for the application of these emerging technologies, existing published best practices for managing and sharing 2D imaging, and current adherence to these best practices by academic body donation programs. We conclude that informed consent is paramount for all uses of human donor and human donor-derived materials and that currently there is considerable diversity in adherence to established best practices for the management and sharing of 3D digital content derived from human donors. We propose a new and simplified framework for categorizing donor-derived teaching materials and the corresponding level of consent required for digital sharing. This framework proposes an equivalent minimum level of specific consent for human donor and human donor-derived materials relative to generalized, nonidentical teaching materials (i.e., artificial plastic models). Likewise, we propose that the collective path forward should involve the creation of a centralized, secure repository for digital human donor 3D content as a mechanism for accumulating, regulating, and controlling the distribution of properly consented human donor-derived 3D digital content that will also increase the availability of ethically created human-derived teaching materials while discouraging commodification.
摘要：
3D扫描和打印技术正在迅速发展，并为在大体解剖学教育中使用提供了巨大的潜力。使用人体捐赠者创建数字扫描和3D打印模型引起了人们对捐赠者知情同意的道德担忧。潜在的商品化，以及获取和存储潜在可识别的解剖复制品。本文回顾了现有文献，描述了这些新兴技术应用的伦理意义，现有已发布的管理和共享2D成像的最佳实践，以及目前学术界捐赠计划对这些最佳实践的坚持。我们得出的结论是，知情同意对于人类供体和人类供体衍生材料的所有用途至关重要，并且目前在遵守已建立的管理和共享来自人类供体的3D数字内容的最佳实践方面存在相当大的差异。我们提出了一个新的简化框架，用于对捐赠者衍生的教材以及数字共享所需的相应同意级别进行分类。该框架提出了相对于广义的人类捐赠者和人类捐赠者来源材料的同等最低程度的特定同意，不同的教材(即人造塑料模型)。同样，我们建议，集体前进的道路应该包括建立一个集中的，数字人类捐赠者3D内容的安全存储库，作为一种积累机制，调节,并控制适当同意的人类捐赠者衍生的3D数字内容的分发，这也将增加道德创造的人类衍生教材的可用性，同时阻止商品化。
