PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Toddlerhood (aged 13~36 months) is a period of dietary transition, with water intake being significantly influenced by parental feeding patterns, cultural traditions, and the availability of beverages and food. Nevertheless, given the lack of applicable data, it is challenging to guide and evaluate the water intake of toddlers in China. In this study, our objectives were to assess the daily total water intake (TWI), evaluate the consumption patterns of various beverages and food sources contributing to the TWI, determine the conformity of participants to the adequate intake (AI) recommendation of water released by the Chinese Nutrition Society, and analyze the various contributors to the daily total energy intake (TEI). The data for the assessment of water and dietary intake were obtained from the cross-sectional dietary intake survey of infants and young children (DSIYC, 2018-2019). A total of 1360 eligible toddlers were recruited in the analysis. The differences in related variables between two age groups were compared by Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-Square test. The potential correlation between water and energy intake was examined utilizing age-adjusted partial correlation. Toddlers consumed a median daily TWI of 1079 mL, with 670 mL (62.3%, r = 0.752) derived from beverages and 393 mL (37.7%, r = 0.716) from foods. Plain water was the primary beverage source, contributing 300 mL (52.2%, r = 0.823), followed by milk and milk derivatives (MMDs) at 291 mL (45.6%, r = 0.595). Notably, only 28.4% of toddlers managed to reach the recommended AI value. Among these, toddlers obtain more water from beverages than from foods. The median daily TEI of toddlers was 762 kcal, including 272 kcal from beverages (36.4%, r = 0.534) and 492 kcal from foods (63.6%, r = 0.894). Among these, the median daily energy intake from MMDs was 260 kcal, making up 94.6% of the energy intake from beverages (r = 0.959). As the pioneer survey on TWI of toddlers in China based on nationally representative data, attention to the quality and quantity of water intake and actions to better guide parents by both individuals and authorities are eagerly anticipated. Additionally, the revision of the reference value of TWI for Chinese toddlers is urgently required.
摘要：
Toddlerhood(13~36个月)是一个饮食过渡期，取水量受父母喂养方式的显著影响，文化传统,以及饮料和食物的供应。然而，鉴于缺乏适用的数据，在中国，指导和评估幼儿的饮水量具有挑战性。在这项研究中,我们的目标是评估每日总饮水量(TWI)，评估有助于TWI的各种饮料和食物来源的消费模式，确定参与者是否符合中国营养学会发布的充足水摄入量（AI）建议，并分析每日总能量摄入（TEI）的各种贡献者。水和饮食摄入量评估的数据来自婴幼儿的横断面饮食摄入量调查（DSIYC，2018-2019年）。在分析中总共招募了1360名合格的幼儿。采用Mann-WhitneyU检验和卡方检验比较两年龄组间相关变量的差异。利用年龄调整后的部分相关性检查了水和能量摄入之间的潜在相关性。幼儿每天消耗的TWI中位数为1079毫升，670毫升（62.3%，r=0.752)来自饮料和393毫升(37.7%，r=0.716）来自食物。白开水是主要的饮料来源，贡献300毫升(52.2%，r=0.823),其次是291mL的牛奶和牛奶衍生物（MMD）（45.6%，r=0.595)。值得注意的是,只有28.4%的幼儿设法达到推荐的AI值。其中,幼儿从饮料中获得的水比从食物中获得的水更多。幼儿的每日TEI中位数为762千卡，包括来自饮料的272千卡(36.4%，r=0.534)和492千卡来自食品(63.6%，r=0.894)。其中,来自MMD的每日能量摄入中位数为260千卡，占饮料能量摄入的94.6%(r=0.959)。作为基于全国代表性数据的中国幼儿TWI的先驱调查，人们热切期待个人和当局对取水质量和数量的关注，以及更好地指导父母的行动。此外,迫切需要修订TWI对中国幼儿的参考价值。
