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Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a major public health problem worldwide. In developing nations, including Ethiopia, the problem is under-reported and under-estimated. Therefore, this study attempts to assess intimate partner violence and its associated factors among pregnant women receiving antenatal care at public hospitals in Amhara region, Ethiopia.
METHODS: A health facility-based cross-sectional study design was employed. A sample of 418 pregnant women was selected using random sampling technique from 1st May to 1st June 2021. IPV was measured using the World Health Organization (WHO) Multi-country study of violence against women assessment tool. Data were entered into Epi-data 3.1 and exported into Stata 17 for further analysis. A Bayesian multivariable logistic regression analysis was carried out from the posterior distribution, and an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% credible interval (CrI) was used to declare statistically significant variables.
RESULTS: The prevalence of any IPV among pregnant women was 31.3% [95% CrI 26.6%, 36.1%]. After adjusting a range of covariates, IPV during pregnancy was more likely among women whose husbands used substances [AOR = 4.33: 95% CrI 1.68, 8.95] and household decisions made by husbands only [AOR = 6.45: 95% CI 3.01, 12.64]. Conversely, pregnant women who attended primary [AOR = 0.47: 95% CrI 0.24, 0.81] and secondary [AOR = 0.64: 95% CrI 0.41, 0.92] educational levels, women who had four or more ANC visits antenatal care visits [AOR = 0.43: 95% CrI 0.25, 0.68], and women with no prior history of adverse birth outcomes [AOR = 0.48: 95% CI 0.27, 0.80] were less likely to experience IPV during pregnancy.
CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed a relatively high prevalence of any IPV among pregnant women, with factors such as substance use by husbands and limited decision-making autonomy associated with increased IPV likelihood. Conversely, women with higher education levels, four and above antenatal care attendance, and no history of adverse birth outcomes showed a reduced likelihood of experiencing IPV during pregnancy. Therefore, targeted interventions to address substance use, empower women in decision-making, and promote education and healthcare access to mitigate IPV risk during pregnancy are recommended.
METHODS: A health facility-based cross-sectional study design was employed. A sample of 418 pregnant women was selected using random sampling technique from 1st May to 1st June 2021. IPV was measured using the World Health Organization (WHO) Multi-country study of violence against women assessment tool. Data were entered into Epi-data 3.1 and exported into Stata 17 for further analysis. A Bayesian multivariable logistic regression analysis was carried out from the posterior distribution, and an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% credible interval (CrI) was used to declare statistically significant variables.
RESULTS: The prevalence of any IPV among pregnant women was 31.3% [95% CrI 26.6%, 36.1%]. After adjusting a range of covariates, IPV during pregnancy was more likely among women whose husbands used substances [AOR = 4.33: 95% CrI 1.68, 8.95] and household decisions made by husbands only [AOR = 6.45: 95% CI 3.01, 12.64]. Conversely, pregnant women who attended primary [AOR = 0.47: 95% CrI 0.24, 0.81] and secondary [AOR = 0.64: 95% CrI 0.41, 0.92] educational levels, women who had four or more ANC visits antenatal care visits [AOR = 0.43: 95% CrI 0.25, 0.68], and women with no prior history of adverse birth outcomes [AOR = 0.48: 95% CI 0.27, 0.80] were less likely to experience IPV during pregnancy.
CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed a relatively high prevalence of any IPV among pregnant women, with factors such as substance use by husbands and limited decision-making autonomy associated with increased IPV likelihood. Conversely, women with higher education levels, four and above antenatal care attendance, and no history of adverse birth outcomes showed a reduced likelihood of experiencing IPV during pregnancy. Therefore, targeted interventions to address substance use, empower women in decision-making, and promote education and healthcare access to mitigate IPV risk during pregnancy are recommended.
摘要：
背景：亲密伴侣暴力（IPV）是全球范围内的主要公共卫生问题。在发展中国家,包括埃塞俄比亚,这个问题被低估和低估了。因此,这项研究试图评估在阿姆哈拉地区公立医院接受产前护理的孕妇中亲密伴侣暴力及其相关因素，埃塞俄比亚。
方法：采用基于医疗机构的横断面研究设计。从2021年5月1日至6月1日，使用随机抽样技术选择了418名孕妇。IPV是使用世界卫生组织（WHO）针对暴力侵害妇女行为的多国研究评估工具进行测量的。将数据输入到Epi-data3.1中，并输出到Stata17中进行进一步分析。从后验分布进行贝叶斯多变量逻辑回归分析，采用95%可信区间(CrI)的校正比值比(AOR)来声明具有统计学意义的变量.
结果：孕妇中任何IPV的患病率为31.3％[95％CrI26.6％，36.1%]。在调整协变量的范围之后，怀孕期间IPV更可能发生在丈夫使用物质的妇女[AOR=4.33:95%CrI1.68,8.95]和仅由丈夫做出家庭决定的妇女[AOR=6.45:95%CI3.01,12.64]。相反，参加过小学[AOR=0.47：95％CrI0.24，0.81]和中学[AOR=0.64：95％CrI0.41，0.92]教育水平的孕妇，有四次或更多的ANC访问的妇女进行产前护理访问[AOR=0.43：95％CrI0.25，0.68]，和既往无不良分娩结局史[AOR=0.48:95%CI0.27,0.80]的女性在妊娠期经历IPV的可能性较小.
结论：该研究显示，孕妇中任何IPV的患病率相对较高，与增加IPV可能性相关的因素，如丈夫使用药物和有限的决策自主权。相反，受过高等教育的妇女，四个及以上的产前护理服务，无不良分娩结局史显示妊娠期发生IPV的可能性降低.因此,有针对性的干预措施，以解决药物使用问题，赋予妇女决策权，并促进教育和医疗保健，以减轻怀孕期间的IPV风险。
方法：采用基于医疗机构的横断面研究设计。从2021年5月1日至6月1日，使用随机抽样技术选择了418名孕妇。IPV是使用世界卫生组织（WHO）针对暴力侵害妇女行为的多国研究评估工具进行测量的。将数据输入到Epi-data3.1中，并输出到Stata17中进行进一步分析。从后验分布进行贝叶斯多变量逻辑回归分析，采用95%可信区间(CrI)的校正比值比(AOR)来声明具有统计学意义的变量.
结果：孕妇中任何IPV的患病率为31.3％[95％CrI26.6％，36.1%]。在调整协变量的范围之后，怀孕期间IPV更可能发生在丈夫使用物质的妇女[AOR=4.33:95%CrI1.68,8.95]和仅由丈夫做出家庭决定的妇女[AOR=6.45:95%CI3.01,12.64]。相反，参加过小学[AOR=0.47：95％CrI0.24，0.81]和中学[AOR=0.64：95％CrI0.41，0.92]教育水平的孕妇，有四次或更多的ANC访问的妇女进行产前护理访问[AOR=0.43：95％CrI0.25，0.68]，和既往无不良分娩结局史[AOR=0.48:95%CI0.27,0.80]的女性在妊娠期经历IPV的可能性较小.
结论：该研究显示，孕妇中任何IPV的患病率相对较高，与增加IPV可能性相关的因素，如丈夫使用药物和有限的决策自主权。相反，受过高等教育的妇女，四个及以上的产前护理服务，无不良分娩结局史显示妊娠期发生IPV的可能性降低.因此,有针对性的干预措施，以解决药物使用问题，赋予妇女决策权，并促进教育和医疗保健，以减轻怀孕期间的IPV风险。
