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Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) is a fruiting shrub native to tropical and subtropical countries around the world and cultivated in many regions due to its nutraceutical value. The current study investigated the metabolic profiling and enzyme inhibitory activities of volatile constituents derived from the C. aurantium peel cultivated in Egypt by three different extraction methods.
METHODS: The volatile chemical constituents of the peel of C. aurantium were isolated using three methods; steam distillation (SD), hydrodistillation (HD), and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD), and then were investigated by GC-MS. The antioxidant potential was evaluated by different assays such as DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and phosphomolybdenum and metal chelating potential. Moreover, the effect of enzyme inhibition of the three essential oils was tested using BChE, AChE, tyrosinase, glucosidase, as well as amylase assays.
RESULTS: A total of six compounds were detected by GC/MS analysis. The major constituent obtained by all three extraction methods was limonene (98.86% by SD, 98.68% by HD, and 99.23% by MAHD). Differences in the composition of the compounds of the three oils were observed. The hydrodistillation technique has yielded the highest number of compounds, notably two oxygenated monoterpenes: linalool (0.12%) and α-terpineol acetate (0.1%).
CONCLUSIONS: In our study differences in the extraction methods of C. aurantium peel oils resulted in differences in the oils\' chemical composition. Citrus essential oils and their components showed potential antioxidant, anticholinesterase, antimelanogenesis, and antidiabetic activities. The presence of linalool and α-terpineol acetate may explain the superior activity observed for the oil isolated by HD in both radical scavenging and AChE inhibition assays, as well as in the enzyme inhibition assays.
METHODS: The volatile chemical constituents of the peel of C. aurantium were isolated using three methods; steam distillation (SD), hydrodistillation (HD), and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD), and then were investigated by GC-MS. The antioxidant potential was evaluated by different assays such as DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and phosphomolybdenum and metal chelating potential. Moreover, the effect of enzyme inhibition of the three essential oils was tested using BChE, AChE, tyrosinase, glucosidase, as well as amylase assays.
RESULTS: A total of six compounds were detected by GC/MS analysis. The major constituent obtained by all three extraction methods was limonene (98.86% by SD, 98.68% by HD, and 99.23% by MAHD). Differences in the composition of the compounds of the three oils were observed. The hydrodistillation technique has yielded the highest number of compounds, notably two oxygenated monoterpenes: linalool (0.12%) and α-terpineol acetate (0.1%).
CONCLUSIONS: In our study differences in the extraction methods of C. aurantium peel oils resulted in differences in the oils\' chemical composition. Citrus essential oils and their components showed potential antioxidant, anticholinesterase, antimelanogenesis, and antidiabetic activities. The presence of linalool and α-terpineol acetate may explain the superior activity observed for the oil isolated by HD in both radical scavenging and AChE inhibition assays, as well as in the enzyme inhibition assays.
摘要：
背景：苦橙（柑橘）是一种水果灌木，原产于世界各地的热带和亚热带国家，由于其营养保健价值而在许多地区种植。目前的研究调查了通过三种不同的提取方法从埃及栽培的金盏花果皮中提取的挥发性成分的代谢谱和酶抑制活性。
方法：使用三种方法分离了乌兰果皮的挥发性化学成分；蒸汽蒸馏（SD），加氢蒸馏(HD),和微波辅助加氢蒸馏(MAHD)，然后通过GC-MS进行研究。通过不同的测定如DPPH，ABTS,FRAP,CUPRAC,以及磷钼和金属螯合潜力。此外，使用BChE测试了三种精油的酶抑制作用，AChE,酪氨酸酶,葡萄糖苷酶，以及淀粉酶测定。
结果：GC/MS分析共检测到6个化合物。通过所有三种提取方法获得的主要成分是柠檬烯（SD为98.86％，98.68%的高清，和99.23%由MAHD）。观察到三种油的化合物的组成差异。加氢蒸馏技术产生的化合物数量最多，值得注意的是两种含氧单萜：芳樟醇（0.12％）和α-松油醇乙酸酯（0.1％）。
结论：在我们的研究中，金盏花果皮油的提取方法的差异导致了油的化学组成的差异。柑橘精油及其成分显示出潜在的抗氧化剂，抗胆碱酯酶，抗黑素生成，和抗糖尿病活性。芳樟醇和α-松油醇乙酸酯的存在可以解释在自由基清除和AChE抑制测定中HD分离的油所观察到的优异活性。以及在酶抑制试验中。
方法：使用三种方法分离了乌兰果皮的挥发性化学成分；蒸汽蒸馏（SD），加氢蒸馏(HD),和微波辅助加氢蒸馏(MAHD)，然后通过GC-MS进行研究。通过不同的测定如DPPH，ABTS,FRAP,CUPRAC,以及磷钼和金属螯合潜力。此外，使用BChE测试了三种精油的酶抑制作用，AChE,酪氨酸酶,葡萄糖苷酶，以及淀粉酶测定。
结果：GC/MS分析共检测到6个化合物。通过所有三种提取方法获得的主要成分是柠檬烯（SD为98.86％，98.68%的高清，和99.23%由MAHD）。观察到三种油的化合物的组成差异。加氢蒸馏技术产生的化合物数量最多，值得注意的是两种含氧单萜：芳樟醇（0.12％）和α-松油醇乙酸酯（0.1％）。
结论：在我们的研究中，金盏花果皮油的提取方法的差异导致了油的化学组成的差异。柑橘精油及其成分显示出潜在的抗氧化剂，抗胆碱酯酶，抗黑素生成，和抗糖尿病活性。芳樟醇和α-松油醇乙酸酯的存在可以解释在自由基清除和AChE抑制测定中HD分离的油所观察到的优异活性。以及在酶抑制试验中。
