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Abstract：
To investigate the distribution of nine (9) urine biomarkers in people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with or without microvascular complications.
In total, 407 people with T2DM were enrolled from 2021 to 2022. According to diabetic retinopathy (DR) and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR), the 407 people were divided into four (4) groups, DR(-)UACR(-), DR(+)UACR(-), DR(-)UACR(+), and DR( + )UACR(+). In addition, 112 healthy volunteers were enrolled during the same period. The nine (9) urine markers included α1-microglobulin (u-α1MG), immunoglobulin G (u-IgG), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipid carrier protein (u-NGAL), cystatin C (u-CysC), retinol-binding protein (u-RBP), β2-microglobulin (u-β2MG), N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (u-NAG), transferrin (u-Trf), and collagen type IV (u-Col). For each marker, the respective level of 97.5 percentile in healthy volunteers was taken as an upper reference limit.
Among the 407 people, 248 individuals (61%) were DR(-)UACR(-), 100 (25%) were DR(-)UACR(+), 37 (9%) were DR(+)UACR(-), and 22 (5%) were DR(+)UACR(+). The u-NAG/Cr biomarker level showed a significant difference between healthy participants and people with T2DM. In the DR(-)UACR(-)group, u-Trf/Cr showed the highest positive rate (21.37%), followed by u-IgG/Cr (14.52%); u-NAG/Cr (10.48%); u-β2MG/Cr (4.44%); u-CysC/Cr (4.03%); u-NGAL/Cr (4.03%); u-RBP/Cr (2.82%); u-α1MG/Cr (2.42%); 17.34% of people with T2DM showed multiple biomarkers positive (≥2 biomarkers). The positive rates of one biomarker (21.33%) and two biomarkers (18.67%) in people who have less than five (5) years of T2DM were almost close to those of the DR(-)UACR(-) group (21.37%, and 12.10%, respectively).
Renal tubule biomarkers may be used as an indicator in the early detection and monitoring of renal injury in diabetes mellitus. The u-NAG biomarker should be measured for the people with T2DM of the first-time diagnosis.
In total, 407 people with T2DM were enrolled from 2021 to 2022. According to diabetic retinopathy (DR) and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR), the 407 people were divided into four (4) groups, DR(-)UACR(-), DR(+)UACR(-), DR(-)UACR(+), and DR( + )UACR(+). In addition, 112 healthy volunteers were enrolled during the same period. The nine (9) urine markers included α1-microglobulin (u-α1MG), immunoglobulin G (u-IgG), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipid carrier protein (u-NGAL), cystatin C (u-CysC), retinol-binding protein (u-RBP), β2-microglobulin (u-β2MG), N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (u-NAG), transferrin (u-Trf), and collagen type IV (u-Col). For each marker, the respective level of 97.5 percentile in healthy volunteers was taken as an upper reference limit.
Among the 407 people, 248 individuals (61%) were DR(-)UACR(-), 100 (25%) were DR(-)UACR(+), 37 (9%) were DR(+)UACR(-), and 22 (5%) were DR(+)UACR(+). The u-NAG/Cr biomarker level showed a significant difference between healthy participants and people with T2DM. In the DR(-)UACR(-)group, u-Trf/Cr showed the highest positive rate (21.37%), followed by u-IgG/Cr (14.52%); u-NAG/Cr (10.48%); u-β2MG/Cr (4.44%); u-CysC/Cr (4.03%); u-NGAL/Cr (4.03%); u-RBP/Cr (2.82%); u-α1MG/Cr (2.42%); 17.34% of people with T2DM showed multiple biomarkers positive (≥2 biomarkers). The positive rates of one biomarker (21.33%) and two biomarkers (18.67%) in people who have less than five (5) years of T2DM were almost close to those of the DR(-)UACR(-) group (21.37%, and 12.10%, respectively).
Renal tubule biomarkers may be used as an indicator in the early detection and monitoring of renal injury in diabetes mellitus. The u-NAG biomarker should be measured for the people with T2DM of the first-time diagnosis.
摘要：
目的：调查9种尿液生物标志物在2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者中的分布，有或没有微血管并发症。
方法：总共，从2021年到2022年，有407名T2DM患者注册。根据糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）和尿白蛋白-肌酐比值（UACR），407人分为四（4）组，DR(-)UACR(-),DR(+)UACR(-),DR(-)UACR(+),和DR(+)UACR(+)。此外,同期纳入112名健康志愿者。九（9）个尿液标记包括α1-微球蛋白（u-α1MG），免疫球蛋白G（u-IgG），中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质载体蛋白（u-NGAL），胱抑素C(u-CysC),视黄醇结合蛋白（u-RBP），β2-微球蛋白(u-β2MG),N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(u-NAG),转铁蛋白(u-Trf),和胶原IV型（u-Col）。对于每个标记，健康志愿者各自的97.5百分位数水平作为参考上限.
结果：在407人中，248例（61%）为DR（-）UACR（-），100(25%)为DR(-)UACR(+)，37(9%)为DR(+)UACR(-)，DR(+)UACR(+)22例(5%)。u-NAG/Cr生物标志物水平显示健康参与者和T2DM患者之间存在显着差异。在DR(-)UACR(-)组中，u-Trf/Cr阳性率最高(21.37%),其次是u-IgG/Cr(14.52%);u-NAG/Cr(10.48%);u-β2MG/Cr(4.44%);u-CysC/Cr(4.03%);u-NGAL/Cr(4.03%);u-RBP/Cr(2.82%);u-α1MG/Cr(2.42%);17.34%的T2DM患者生物标志物≥2。在T2DM少于五（5）年的人群中，一种生物标志物（21.33％）和两种生物标志物（18.67％）的阳性率几乎接近DR（-）UACR（-）组（21.37％，12.10%，分别)。
结论：肾小管生物标志物可作为糖尿病肾损伤的早期检测和监测指标。对于初次诊断的T2DM患者，应测量u-NAG生物标志物。
方法：总共，从2021年到2022年，有407名T2DM患者注册。根据糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）和尿白蛋白-肌酐比值（UACR），407人分为四（4）组，DR(-)UACR(-),DR(+)UACR(-),DR(-)UACR(+),和DR(+)UACR(+)。此外,同期纳入112名健康志愿者。九（9）个尿液标记包括α1-微球蛋白（u-α1MG），免疫球蛋白G（u-IgG），中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质载体蛋白（u-NGAL），胱抑素C(u-CysC),视黄醇结合蛋白（u-RBP），β2-微球蛋白(u-β2MG),N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(u-NAG),转铁蛋白(u-Trf),和胶原IV型（u-Col）。对于每个标记，健康志愿者各自的97.5百分位数水平作为参考上限.
结果：在407人中，248例（61%）为DR（-）UACR（-），100(25%)为DR(-)UACR(+)，37(9%)为DR(+)UACR(-)，DR(+)UACR(+)22例(5%)。u-NAG/Cr生物标志物水平显示健康参与者和T2DM患者之间存在显着差异。在DR(-)UACR(-)组中，u-Trf/Cr阳性率最高(21.37%),其次是u-IgG/Cr(14.52%);u-NAG/Cr(10.48%);u-β2MG/Cr(4.44%);u-CysC/Cr(4.03%);u-NGAL/Cr(4.03%);u-RBP/Cr(2.82%);u-α1MG/Cr(2.42%);17.34%的T2DM患者生物标志物≥2。在T2DM少于五（5）年的人群中，一种生物标志物（21.33％）和两种生物标志物（18.67％）的阳性率几乎接近DR（-）UACR（-）组（21.37％，12.10%，分别)。
结论：肾小管生物标志物可作为糖尿病肾损伤的早期检测和监测指标。对于初次诊断的T2DM患者，应测量u-NAG生物标志物。
