Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: In comparison to conventional combustible cigarettes, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) including both e-cigarettes (ECs) and heated tobacco products (HTPs) significantly reduce exposure to toxic chemical emissions. However, their impact on dental plaque remains unclear. This study measures dental plaque in ENDS (ECs and HTPs) users using quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) technology, comparing them with current, former, and never smokers.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study compared dental plaque measurements using QLF technology (Q-ray cam™ Pro) among current smokers (≥10 cigarettes/day), former smokers (quit ≥6 months), never smokers, and exclusive ENDS users (quit ≥6 months). Dental plaque measurements were expressed as ΔR30 (total area of mature dental plaque) and ΔR120 (greater plaque thickness/maturation-calculus). The Simple Oral Hygiene (SOH) score was calculated by the QLF proprietary software. Statistical analyses including ANCOVA was performed by R version (4.2.3) with p < 0.05.
RESULTS: A total 30 smokers, 24 former smokers, 29 never smokers, and 53 ENDS users were included. Current smokers had significantly higher ΔR30 and ΔR120 values compared to other groups (p < 0.001). ENDS users showed plaque levels similar to never and former smokers (p > 0.05) but significantly lower than current smokers (p < 0.01). Although ENDS users showed a lower SOH score than smokers, this difference was not statistically significant. Daily toothbrushing and mouthwash usage were significant covariates.
CONCLUSIONS: ENDS users exhibited reduced accumulation of dental plaque and calculus compared with current smokers.
CONCLUSIONS: Exclusive ENDS use could less impact dental plaque accumulation compared to cigarette smoking. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and fully understand ENDS impact on dental plaque formation.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study compared dental plaque measurements using QLF technology (Q-ray cam™ Pro) among current smokers (≥10 cigarettes/day), former smokers (quit ≥6 months), never smokers, and exclusive ENDS users (quit ≥6 months). Dental plaque measurements were expressed as ΔR30 (total area of mature dental plaque) and ΔR120 (greater plaque thickness/maturation-calculus). The Simple Oral Hygiene (SOH) score was calculated by the QLF proprietary software. Statistical analyses including ANCOVA was performed by R version (4.2.3) with p < 0.05.
RESULTS: A total 30 smokers, 24 former smokers, 29 never smokers, and 53 ENDS users were included. Current smokers had significantly higher ΔR30 and ΔR120 values compared to other groups (p < 0.001). ENDS users showed plaque levels similar to never and former smokers (p > 0.05) but significantly lower than current smokers (p < 0.01). Although ENDS users showed a lower SOH score than smokers, this difference was not statistically significant. Daily toothbrushing and mouthwash usage were significant covariates.
CONCLUSIONS: ENDS users exhibited reduced accumulation of dental plaque and calculus compared with current smokers.
CONCLUSIONS: Exclusive ENDS use could less impact dental plaque accumulation compared to cigarette smoking. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and fully understand ENDS impact on dental plaque formation.
摘要：
目的：与传统可燃香烟相比，包括电子烟（EC）和加热烟草产品（HTPs）的电子尼古丁输送系统（ENDS）显着减少了对有毒化学物质排放的接触。然而,它们对牙菌斑的影响尚不清楚.本研究使用定量光诱导荧光（QLF）技术测量ENDS（EC和HTPs）用户的牙菌斑，将它们与电流进行比较，前者,从不吸烟者。
方法：这项横断面研究比较了使用QLF技术（Q-raycam™Pro）在当前吸烟者（每天≥10支香烟）中进行的牙菌斑测量，前吸烟者（戒烟≥6个月），从不吸烟者,和独占ENDS用户（退出≥6个月）。牙菌斑测量值表示为ΔR30（成熟牙菌斑的总面积）和ΔR120（较大的牙菌斑厚度/成熟牙结石）。通过QLF专有软件计算简单口腔卫生(SOH)评分。通过R版本(4.2.3)进行包括ANCOVA的统计学分析,p<0.05。
结果：共有30名吸烟者，24名前吸烟者,29从来不吸烟包括53个ENDS用户。与其他组相比,当前吸烟者具有显著更高的ΔR30和ΔR120值(p<0.001)。ENDS使用者显示与从未吸烟者和以前吸烟者相似的斑块水平（p>0.05），但显着低于当前吸烟者（p<0.01）。尽管ENDS用户的SOH得分低于吸烟者，这一差异无统计学意义.每日刷牙和漱口水的使用是显著的协变量。
结论：ENDS使用者与目前吸烟者相比，牙菌斑和牙结石的积聚减少。
结论：与吸烟相比，独家使用ENDS对牙菌斑积聚的影响较小。需要进一步的研究来证实这些发现，并充分了解ENDS对牙菌斑形成的影响。
方法：这项横断面研究比较了使用QLF技术（Q-raycam™Pro）在当前吸烟者（每天≥10支香烟）中进行的牙菌斑测量，前吸烟者（戒烟≥6个月），从不吸烟者,和独占ENDS用户（退出≥6个月）。牙菌斑测量值表示为ΔR30（成熟牙菌斑的总面积）和ΔR120（较大的牙菌斑厚度/成熟牙结石）。通过QLF专有软件计算简单口腔卫生(SOH)评分。通过R版本(4.2.3)进行包括ANCOVA的统计学分析,p<0.05。
结果：共有30名吸烟者，24名前吸烟者,29从来不吸烟包括53个ENDS用户。与其他组相比,当前吸烟者具有显著更高的ΔR30和ΔR120值(p<0.001)。ENDS使用者显示与从未吸烟者和以前吸烟者相似的斑块水平（p>0.05），但显着低于当前吸烟者（p<0.01）。尽管ENDS用户的SOH得分低于吸烟者，这一差异无统计学意义.每日刷牙和漱口水的使用是显著的协变量。
结论：ENDS使用者与目前吸烟者相比，牙菌斑和牙结石的积聚减少。
结论：与吸烟相比，独家使用ENDS对牙菌斑积聚的影响较小。需要进一步的研究来证实这些发现，并充分了解ENDS对牙菌斑形成的影响。
