Abstract：
BACKGROUND: The arrival of one\'s first child is a known risk factor for mental illness, yet investigations on fathers\' mental health are limited. We conducted a longitudinal investigation on paternal depression and anxiety in the nine years surrounding the transition to fatherhood.
METHODS: Using a national cohort of French men (CONSTANCES, n = 6299), we investigated the prevalence and associated risk factors of mental illness amongst first-time fathers. Responses to the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) and 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) scales were used to identify clinically significant symptom scores. Self-declared mental illness was also reported by participants. Group-based modelling was used to identify latent trajectory groups for both measures.
RESULTS: Levels of self-declared anxiety (averaging 4.9 % pre-fatherhood, 7.8 % post) exceeded that of depression (1.9 % pre- fatherhood, 3.3 % post) or other disorders. However, rates of clinically significant symptom scores (17-27 %) were consistently higher. Participants\' mental health appeared to worsen from two-years prior to their child\'s arrival and improve from two-years after. We identified three trajectory groups for fathers\' self-declared mental illness: Low stable (90.3 %); Low risk with high temporary increase (5.6 %); and Consistent high risk (4.1 %). Risk factors associated with worsening mental health trajectories were unemployment, not living with one\'s partner, having had adverse childhood experiences and foregoing healthcare due to financial reasons.
CONCLUSIONS: All measures of mental illness relied on participant self-reports and are thus subject to bias.
CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals an important period of heightened psychological vulnerability amongst first-time fathers, emphasising the need for increased and better adapted paternal mental health screening.
METHODS: Using a national cohort of French men (CONSTANCES, n = 6299), we investigated the prevalence and associated risk factors of mental illness amongst first-time fathers. Responses to the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) and 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) scales were used to identify clinically significant symptom scores. Self-declared mental illness was also reported by participants. Group-based modelling was used to identify latent trajectory groups for both measures.
RESULTS: Levels of self-declared anxiety (averaging 4.9 % pre-fatherhood, 7.8 % post) exceeded that of depression (1.9 % pre- fatherhood, 3.3 % post) or other disorders. However, rates of clinically significant symptom scores (17-27 %) were consistently higher. Participants\' mental health appeared to worsen from two-years prior to their child\'s arrival and improve from two-years after. We identified three trajectory groups for fathers\' self-declared mental illness: Low stable (90.3 %); Low risk with high temporary increase (5.6 %); and Consistent high risk (4.1 %). Risk factors associated with worsening mental health trajectories were unemployment, not living with one\'s partner, having had adverse childhood experiences and foregoing healthcare due to financial reasons.
CONCLUSIONS: All measures of mental illness relied on participant self-reports and are thus subject to bias.
CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals an important period of heightened psychological vulnerability amongst first-time fathers, emphasising the need for increased and better adapted paternal mental health screening.
摘要：
背景：第一个孩子的到来是精神疾病的已知危险因素，然而，对父亲心理健康的调查是有限的。在向父亲过渡的九年中，我们对父亲的抑郁和焦虑进行了纵向调查。
方法：使用法国男性的国家队列（CONSTANCES，n=6299),我们调查了首次为父亲的精神病患病率和相关危险因素.对流行病学研究中心抑郁症（CES-D）和12项一般健康问卷（GHQ-12）量表的反应用于识别临床上有意义的症状评分。参与者也报告了自我宣布的精神疾病。基于组的建模用于识别两种措施的潜在轨迹组。
结果：自我宣称的焦虑水平（平均为父亲前4.9%，7.8%的帖子)超过了抑郁症(1.9%的婚前生活，3.3%后)或其他疾病。然而,临床显著症状评分(17-27%)的比率始终较高.参与者的心理健康似乎在孩子出生前两年恶化，在孩子出生后两年有所改善。我们确定了父亲自我宣布的精神疾病的三个轨迹组：低稳定（90.3％）；低风险高暂时增加（5.6％）；和持续高风险（4.1％）。与心理健康轨迹恶化相关的风险因素是失业，不和一个人的伴侣住在一起，由于经济原因，有不良的童年经历和放弃医疗保健。
结论：所有精神疾病的测量都依赖于参与者的自我报告，因此存在偏见。
结论：这项研究揭示了初为人父的心理脆弱性增加的重要时期，强调需要增加和更好地适应父亲的心理健康筛查。
方法：使用法国男性的国家队列（CONSTANCES，n=6299),我们调查了首次为父亲的精神病患病率和相关危险因素.对流行病学研究中心抑郁症（CES-D）和12项一般健康问卷（GHQ-12）量表的反应用于识别临床上有意义的症状评分。参与者也报告了自我宣布的精神疾病。基于组的建模用于识别两种措施的潜在轨迹组。
结果：自我宣称的焦虑水平（平均为父亲前4.9%，7.8%的帖子)超过了抑郁症(1.9%的婚前生活，3.3%后)或其他疾病。然而,临床显著症状评分(17-27%)的比率始终较高.参与者的心理健康似乎在孩子出生前两年恶化，在孩子出生后两年有所改善。我们确定了父亲自我宣布的精神疾病的三个轨迹组：低稳定（90.3％）；低风险高暂时增加（5.6％）；和持续高风险（4.1％）。与心理健康轨迹恶化相关的风险因素是失业，不和一个人的伴侣住在一起，由于经济原因，有不良的童年经历和放弃医疗保健。
结论：所有精神疾病的测量都依赖于参与者的自我报告，因此存在偏见。
结论：这项研究揭示了初为人父的心理脆弱性增加的重要时期，强调需要增加和更好地适应父亲的心理健康筛查。
