Abstract：
The Anthropocene is seeing the human footprint rapidly spreading to all of Earth\'s ecosystems. The fast-changing biotic and abiotic conditions experienced by all organisms are exerting new and strong selective pressures, and there is a growing list of examples of human-induced evolution in response to anthropogenic impacts. No organism is exempt from these novel selective pressures. Here, we synthesise current knowledge on human-induced evolution in eukaryotic parasites of animals, and present a multidisciplinary framework for its study and monitoring. Parasites generally have short generation times and huge fecundity, features that predispose them for rapid evolution. We begin by reviewing evidence that parasites often have substantial standing genetic variation, and examples of their rapid evolution both under conditions of livestock production and in serial passage experiments. We then present a two-step conceptual overview of the causal chain linking anthropogenic impacts to parasite evolution. First, we review the major anthropogenic factors impacting parasites, and identify the selective pressures they exert on parasites through increased mortality of either infective stages or adult parasites, or through changes in host density, quality or immunity. Second, we discuss what new phenotypic traits are likely to be favoured by the new selective pressures resulting from altered parasite mortality or host changes; we focus mostly on parasite virulence and basic life-history traits, as these most directly influence the transmission success of parasites and the pathology they induce. To illustrate the kinds of evolutionary changes in parasites anticipated in the Anthropocene, we present a few scenarios, either already documented or hypothetical but plausible, involving parasite taxa in livestock, aquaculture and natural systems. Finally, we offer several approaches for investigations and real-time monitoring of rapid, human-induced evolution in parasites, ranging from controlled experiments to the use of state-of-the-art genomic tools. The implications of fast-evolving parasites in the Anthropocene for disease emergence and the dynamics of infections in domestic animals and wildlife are concerning. Broader recognition that it is not only the conditions for parasite transmission that are changing, but the parasites themselves, is needed to meet better the challenges ahead.
摘要：
人类世看到人类足迹迅速扩散到地球的所有生态系统。所有生物经历的快速变化的生物和非生物条件正在施加新的和强大的选择压力，越来越多的人为进化的例子。没有生物体可以免除这些新的选择压力。这里,我们综合了人类诱导动物真核寄生虫进化的最新知识，并为其研究和监测提供多学科框架。寄生虫通常具有短的生成时间和巨大的繁殖力，使它们容易快速进化的特征。我们首先回顾了寄生虫通常具有大量遗传变异的证据，以及在畜牧业生产条件下和连续传代实验中它们快速进化的例子。然后，我们对将人为影响与寄生虫进化联系起来的因果链进行了两步概念概述。首先,我们回顾了影响寄生虫的主要人为因素，并通过感染阶段或成年寄生虫的死亡率增加来确定它们对寄生虫施加的选择性压力，或者通过宿主密度的变化，质量或免疫力。第二,我们讨论了哪些新的表型特征可能会受到寄生虫死亡率改变或宿主变化导致的新选择压力的青睐；我们主要关注寄生虫毒力和基本生活史特征，因为这些最直接影响寄生虫的传播成功和它们诱导的病理。为了说明人类世预期的寄生虫的进化变化，我们展示了几个场景，要么已经记录，要么假设，但似乎是合理的，涉及牲畜中的寄生虫类群，水产养殖和自然系统。最后,我们提供了几种快速调查和实时监控的方法，人类诱导的寄生虫进化，从受控实验到使用最先进的基因组工具。人类世中快速进化的寄生虫对疾病的出现以及家畜和野生动植物感染的动态的影响令人担忧。人们普遍认识到，不仅寄生虫传播的条件正在发生变化，但是寄生虫本身，需要更好地应对未来的挑战。
