PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
UNASSIGNED: Gold-standard approaches for chronic tinnitus involve hearing amplification measures and psychological therapy, where applicable. Whilst schema therapy is accumulating evidence as a transdiagnostically useful treatment framework, its applicability for patients with chronic tinnitus has not yet been examined. The present study (a) explores latent dimensions of psychological distress in a sample of chronic tinnitus patients, and (b) examines whether the schema mode model might explain these dimensions - thus constituting a potentially helpful conceptualization and treatment framework.
UNASSIGNED: N = 696 patients with chronic tinnitus completed the Tinnitus Questionnaire, Tinnitus Handicap Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Perceived Stress Questionnaire and ICD-10 Symptom Rating. As criterion, patients further completed the Schema Mode Inventory (SMI-r) - which assesses psychological constructs linked to negative self-beliefs (\"parent modes\"), primary emotions resulting from unmet psychological needs (\"child modes\"), and secondary emotional or behavioral attempts to reinstate or maintain psychological equilibrium (\"coping modes\"). A varimax-rotated principal axis factor analysis grouped the primary item pool. Factor scale scores were then correlated with the SMI-r.
UNASSIGNED: A three-factor solution explained 37.4% of variance and represented 78% of the included items. Following item content examination, the factors represented (1) General emotional distress, (2) Tinnitus-attributed emotional distress, and (3) Socio-audiological impairment. Factors 1|2 correlated highly (r = 0.70), Factors 2|3 moderately (r = 0.62). Linked to the schema mode model, Factor 1 correlated highly with the \"vulnerable child\" (r = 0.78), and moderately with the \"parent\", \"angry child\", and \"detached protector\" modes (0.53 < r < 0.65). Factor 2 correlated moderately with the \"vulnerable child\" (r = 0.53). Factor 3 was largely uncorrelated with SMI-r scores - although a low correlation with the \"detached protector\" warrants further examination.
UNASSIGNED: \"General\" and \"tinnitus-attributed\" emotional distress correlate highly - warranting holistic (not symptom-specific) psychological case conceptualization and treatment planning. Viewed from a schema mode perspective, the \"vulnerable child\" explains substantial variance across both dimensions. Consequently, autobiographically anchored, unmet emotional needs and emotional detachment constitute key treatment targets. Social-audiological impairment should be multimodally conceptualised and treated with hearing aids and psychological support measures, as applicable.
UNASSIGNED: N = 696 patients with chronic tinnitus completed the Tinnitus Questionnaire, Tinnitus Handicap Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Perceived Stress Questionnaire and ICD-10 Symptom Rating. As criterion, patients further completed the Schema Mode Inventory (SMI-r) - which assesses psychological constructs linked to negative self-beliefs (\"parent modes\"), primary emotions resulting from unmet psychological needs (\"child modes\"), and secondary emotional or behavioral attempts to reinstate or maintain psychological equilibrium (\"coping modes\"). A varimax-rotated principal axis factor analysis grouped the primary item pool. Factor scale scores were then correlated with the SMI-r.
UNASSIGNED: A three-factor solution explained 37.4% of variance and represented 78% of the included items. Following item content examination, the factors represented (1) General emotional distress, (2) Tinnitus-attributed emotional distress, and (3) Socio-audiological impairment. Factors 1|2 correlated highly (r = 0.70), Factors 2|3 moderately (r = 0.62). Linked to the schema mode model, Factor 1 correlated highly with the \"vulnerable child\" (r = 0.78), and moderately with the \"parent\", \"angry child\", and \"detached protector\" modes (0.53 < r < 0.65). Factor 2 correlated moderately with the \"vulnerable child\" (r = 0.53). Factor 3 was largely uncorrelated with SMI-r scores - although a low correlation with the \"detached protector\" warrants further examination.
UNASSIGNED: \"General\" and \"tinnitus-attributed\" emotional distress correlate highly - warranting holistic (not symptom-specific) psychological case conceptualization and treatment planning. Viewed from a schema mode perspective, the \"vulnerable child\" explains substantial variance across both dimensions. Consequently, autobiographically anchored, unmet emotional needs and emotional detachment constitute key treatment targets. Social-audiological impairment should be multimodally conceptualised and treated with hearing aids and psychological support measures, as applicable.
摘要：
■慢性耳鸣的金标准方法包括听力放大措施和心理治疗，如适用。虽然图式疗法正在积累证据，作为一种诊断上有用的治疗框架，其对慢性耳鸣患者的适用性尚未研究。本研究（a）探讨了慢性耳鸣患者样本中心理困扰的潜在维度，和（b）检查模式模式模型是否可以解释这些维度-从而构成一个潜在有用的概念化和治疗框架。
■N=696名慢性耳鸣患者完成了耳鸣问卷，耳鸣障碍库存，医院焦虑抑郁量表,感知压力问卷和ICD-10症状评分。作为标准，患者进一步完成了图式模式清单(SMI-r)-评估与消极自我信念(“父母模式”)相关的心理建构，由于未满足的心理需求而产生的主要情绪(“儿童模式”)，和次要的情绪或行为尝试恢复或维持心理平衡（“应对方式”）。varimax旋转的主轴因子分析对主要项目池进行了分组。然后将因子量表得分与SMI-r相关联。
■三因素解决方案解释了37.4%的方差，代表了78%的包含项目。在项目内容检查之后，代表的因素(1)一般情绪困扰，(2)由耳鸣引起的情绪困扰，(3)社会听力学损害。因子1|2高度相关(r=0.70)，因子2|3中等(r=0.62)。链接到架构模式模型，因素1与“弱势儿童”高度相关(r=0.78)，并适度地使用“父”，“愤怒的孩子”，和“分离保护器”模式(0.53■\“一般”和\“耳鸣归因”情绪困扰高度相关-保证整体（非症状特异性）心理病例概念化和治疗计划。从架构模式的角度来看，“脆弱的孩子”解释了两个维度上的巨大差异。因此,自传锚定，未满足的情感需求和情感超脱是关键的治疗目标。社会听力学障碍应进行多模式概念化，并采用助听器和心理支持措施进行治疗。如适用。
■N=696名慢性耳鸣患者完成了耳鸣问卷，耳鸣障碍库存，医院焦虑抑郁量表,感知压力问卷和ICD-10症状评分。作为标准，患者进一步完成了图式模式清单(SMI-r)-评估与消极自我信念(“父母模式”)相关的心理建构，由于未满足的心理需求而产生的主要情绪(“儿童模式”)，和次要的情绪或行为尝试恢复或维持心理平衡（“应对方式”）。varimax旋转的主轴因子分析对主要项目池进行了分组。然后将因子量表得分与SMI-r相关联。
■三因素解决方案解释了37.4%的方差，代表了78%的包含项目。在项目内容检查之后，代表的因素(1)一般情绪困扰，(2)由耳鸣引起的情绪困扰，(3)社会听力学损害。因子1|2高度相关(r=0.70)，因子2|3中等(r=0.62)。链接到架构模式模型，因素1与“弱势儿童”高度相关(r=0.78)，并适度地使用“父”，“愤怒的孩子”，和“分离保护器”模式(0.53
