Abstract：
In tic disorders (TD), tic expression varies across the lifespan and as a function of contextual factors. This study explored connections between tic expression and contextual triggers across life periods in 74 adults (Mage = 23.2) with TDs. The Tic History and Coping Strategies form assessed retrospective self-reports of contextual antecedents, consequences, and tic severity during four life periods (middle school; 9th/10th grade; 11th/12th grade; college/work) and past month. Tics reportedly worsened during and after school in school-aged years and worsened in the evening during college/work years. Stress and anxiety were reported to consistently trigger tics across time. The impact of activities, places, and emotions did not differ across life periods. Attention-based consequences, most prevalent during middle school, were more common than escape- or avoidance-related consequences across all periods. Findings illuminate how contextual factors may influence tics across life periods and underscore the consistent impact of tic-triggering emotions and attention-related consequences.
摘要：
在抽动障碍（TD）中，tic表达在不同的寿命范围内变化，并作为上下文因素的函数。这项研究探讨了74名患有TD的成年人（Mage=23.2）在整个生命周期中抽动表达与上下文触发之间的联系。抽动历史和应对策略表格评估了背景先例的回顾性自我报告，后果,四个生命周期（中学；9/10年级；11/12年级；大学/工作）和过去一个月的抽动严重程度。据报道，在上学期间和放学后，Tics恶化，在大学/工作期间晚上恶化。据报道，压力和焦虑会不断引发抽动。活动的影响，地点,和情绪在不同生命时期没有差异。基于注意力的后果，在中学期间最普遍，在所有时期都比逃避或回避相关的后果更常见。研究结果阐明了环境因素如何影响整个生命周期的抽动，并强调了抽动触发情绪和注意力相关后果的一致影响。
