Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Children\'s participation in research is a rights-based principle. However, young children are often excluded from research on sensitive topics, due to gatekeepers concerns that participation would cause distress/re-traumatization and conflict with the principle of providing adequate protection from harm.
OBJECTIVE: To provide evidence around young children\'s feelings, including potential distress, and beliefs in mixed-method interviews about violence and difficult experiences.
METHODS: Data were collected from South African interviewer focus group discussions and young child (age 6-10) interviews, along with observations and fieldnotes from young child (age 6-17) interviews.
METHODS: We collected and analyzed qualitative data focused on children\'s displayed and reported emotions and beliefs in violence-focused interviews.
RESULTS: Findings showed the quantitative interview was frequently a positive experience for young children, and children who became upset or emotional stated their feelings were due to violence they experienced. The interviewer seemed to represent a safe person to whom the child could disclose. The play- and arts-based methods of the interview were useful in building this safety and providing space for children to regulate difficult emotions.
CONCLUSIONS: In a carefully managed interview environment using developmentally appropriate methods, young children are enthusiastic participants and do not appear to experience undue distress or trauma when asked about violence and other sensitive topics. Findings demonstrate that young children can be safely included in research about violence and issues that impact them and can exercise their right to participation when research methods, environments, and safeguards are appropriately adapted to their needs.
OBJECTIVE: To provide evidence around young children\'s feelings, including potential distress, and beliefs in mixed-method interviews about violence and difficult experiences.
METHODS: Data were collected from South African interviewer focus group discussions and young child (age 6-10) interviews, along with observations and fieldnotes from young child (age 6-17) interviews.
METHODS: We collected and analyzed qualitative data focused on children\'s displayed and reported emotions and beliefs in violence-focused interviews.
RESULTS: Findings showed the quantitative interview was frequently a positive experience for young children, and children who became upset or emotional stated their feelings were due to violence they experienced. The interviewer seemed to represent a safe person to whom the child could disclose. The play- and arts-based methods of the interview were useful in building this safety and providing space for children to regulate difficult emotions.
CONCLUSIONS: In a carefully managed interview environment using developmentally appropriate methods, young children are enthusiastic participants and do not appear to experience undue distress or trauma when asked about violence and other sensitive topics. Findings demonstrate that young children can be safely included in research about violence and issues that impact them and can exercise their right to participation when research methods, environments, and safeguards are appropriately adapted to their needs.
摘要：
背景：儿童参与研究是一项基于权利的原则。然而,幼儿经常被排除在敏感话题的研究之外，由于看门人担心参与会造成痛苦/再创伤，并与提供适当保护免受伤害的原则相冲突。
目的：为幼儿的情感提供证据，包括潜在的痛苦,以及关于暴力和困难经历的混合方法访谈中的信念。
方法：数据来自南非访谈者焦点小组讨论和幼儿（6-10岁）访谈，以及幼儿(6-17岁)访谈的观察和现场笔记。
方法：我们收集并分析了定性数据，重点是儿童在以暴力为重点的访谈中表现和报告的情绪和信念。
结果：研究结果表明，定量访谈通常对幼儿来说是一种积极的体验，心烦意乱或情绪激动的孩子表示，他们的感受是由于他们经历的暴力。面试官似乎代表了一个安全的人，孩子可以向他透露。基于游戏和艺术的访谈方法有助于建立这种安全性，并为儿童提供调节困难情绪的空间。
结论：在精心管理的面试环境中，使用适合发展的方法，年幼的孩子是热情的参与者，当被问及暴力和其他敏感话题时，他们似乎不会经历过度的痛苦或创伤。调查结果表明，幼儿可以安全地参与关于暴力和影响他们的问题的研究，并且可以在研究方法时行使他们的参与权，环境，保障措施适当适应他们的需要。
目的：为幼儿的情感提供证据，包括潜在的痛苦,以及关于暴力和困难经历的混合方法访谈中的信念。
方法：数据来自南非访谈者焦点小组讨论和幼儿（6-10岁）访谈，以及幼儿(6-17岁)访谈的观察和现场笔记。
方法：我们收集并分析了定性数据，重点是儿童在以暴力为重点的访谈中表现和报告的情绪和信念。
结果：研究结果表明，定量访谈通常对幼儿来说是一种积极的体验，心烦意乱或情绪激动的孩子表示，他们的感受是由于他们经历的暴力。面试官似乎代表了一个安全的人，孩子可以向他透露。基于游戏和艺术的访谈方法有助于建立这种安全性，并为儿童提供调节困难情绪的空间。
结论：在精心管理的面试环境中，使用适合发展的方法，年幼的孩子是热情的参与者，当被问及暴力和其他敏感话题时，他们似乎不会经历过度的痛苦或创伤。调查结果表明，幼儿可以安全地参与关于暴力和影响他们的问题的研究，并且可以在研究方法时行使他们的参与权，环境，保障措施适当适应他们的需要。
