Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: To investigate fear of hypoglycemia (FoH) in parents of children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) before and after undergoing training to learn intranasal (IN) glucagon administration.
METHODS: In this pre-test/post-test uncontrolled study 364 caregivers of patients with T1D (6-18 years) completed questionnaires measuring sociodemographic characteristics, diabetes-related factors (e.g., type of insulin therapy, glycemic control), and parents\' trait anxiety. Parents\' FoH was assessed at baseline (T0, training) and after nine months (T1). Two repeated-measure mixed analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) compared the FoH at T0 and at T1 and analyzed the moderating roles of anxiety proneness and type of insulin therapy, as well as of anxiety proneness and use of sensor. Age, T1D duration, HbA1c values, and SES were included as covariates.
RESULTS: Parental FoH at T1 (M = 1.72; SE = 0.06/M = 1.57; SE = 0.09) was significantly lower than parental FoH at T0 (M = 1.89; SE = 0.06/M = 1.77; SE = 0.09). The group with high trait-anxiety had a higher level of FoH (M = 2.05; SE = 0.08/M = 1.89; SE = 0.12) than the group with low trait-anxiety (M = 1.57; SE = 0.08/M = 1.46; SE = 0.09) at both time points. SES was negatively associated with FoH at T0 (t = -2.87; p = .004/t = -2.87; p = .005). No other significant effects were found.
CONCLUSIONS: Training and educating parents on IN glucagon use can help them effectively manage hypoglycemic episodes and alleviate the fear that generally accompany such events.
METHODS: In this pre-test/post-test uncontrolled study 364 caregivers of patients with T1D (6-18 years) completed questionnaires measuring sociodemographic characteristics, diabetes-related factors (e.g., type of insulin therapy, glycemic control), and parents\' trait anxiety. Parents\' FoH was assessed at baseline (T0, training) and after nine months (T1). Two repeated-measure mixed analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) compared the FoH at T0 and at T1 and analyzed the moderating roles of anxiety proneness and type of insulin therapy, as well as of anxiety proneness and use of sensor. Age, T1D duration, HbA1c values, and SES were included as covariates.
RESULTS: Parental FoH at T1 (M = 1.72; SE = 0.06/M = 1.57; SE = 0.09) was significantly lower than parental FoH at T0 (M = 1.89; SE = 0.06/M = 1.77; SE = 0.09). The group with high trait-anxiety had a higher level of FoH (M = 2.05; SE = 0.08/M = 1.89; SE = 0.12) than the group with low trait-anxiety (M = 1.57; SE = 0.08/M = 1.46; SE = 0.09) at both time points. SES was negatively associated with FoH at T0 (t = -2.87; p = .004/t = -2.87; p = .005). No other significant effects were found.
CONCLUSIONS: Training and educating parents on IN glucagon use can help them effectively manage hypoglycemic episodes and alleviate the fear that generally accompany such events.
摘要：
目的：调查1型糖尿病（T1D）患儿父母在接受学习鼻内胰高血糖素给药训练前后对低血糖（FoH）的恐惧。
方法：在这项测试前/测试后不受控制的研究中，T1D患者（6-18岁）的364名护理人员完成了测量社会人口统计学特征的问卷，糖尿病相关因素(例如，胰岛素治疗的类型，血糖控制)，和父母的特质焦虑。在基线（T0，训练）和9个月后（T1）评估父母的FoH。两个重复测量协方差混合分析（ANCOVA）比较了T0和T1时的FoH，并分析了焦虑倾向性和胰岛素治疗类型的调节作用，以及焦虑倾向和传感器的使用。年龄,T1D持续时间,HbA1c值,和SES作为协变量包括在内。
结果：T1时的父母FoH（M=1.72；SE=0.06/M=1.57；SE=0.09）显着低于T0时的父母FoH（M=1.89；SE=0.06/M=1.77；SE=0.09）。在两个时间点，高特质焦虑组的FoH水平（M=2.05;SE=0.08/M=1.89;SE=0.12）高于低特质焦虑组（M=1.57;SE=0.08/M=1.46;SE=0.09）。SES在T0时与FoH呈负相关(t=-2.87;p=.004/t=-2.87;p=.005)。没有发现其他显著影响。
结论：对父母进行关于使用胰高血糖素的培训和教育，可以帮助他们有效地管理低血糖事件，减轻通常伴随此类事件的恐惧。
方法：在这项测试前/测试后不受控制的研究中，T1D患者（6-18岁）的364名护理人员完成了测量社会人口统计学特征的问卷，糖尿病相关因素(例如，胰岛素治疗的类型，血糖控制)，和父母的特质焦虑。在基线（T0，训练）和9个月后（T1）评估父母的FoH。两个重复测量协方差混合分析（ANCOVA）比较了T0和T1时的FoH，并分析了焦虑倾向性和胰岛素治疗类型的调节作用，以及焦虑倾向和传感器的使用。年龄,T1D持续时间,HbA1c值,和SES作为协变量包括在内。
结果：T1时的父母FoH（M=1.72；SE=0.06/M=1.57；SE=0.09）显着低于T0时的父母FoH（M=1.89；SE=0.06/M=1.77；SE=0.09）。在两个时间点，高特质焦虑组的FoH水平（M=2.05;SE=0.08/M=1.89;SE=0.12）高于低特质焦虑组（M=1.57;SE=0.08/M=1.46;SE=0.09）。SES在T0时与FoH呈负相关(t=-2.87;p=.004/t=-2.87;p=.005)。没有发现其他显著影响。
结论：对父母进行关于使用胰高血糖素的培训和教育，可以帮助他们有效地管理低血糖事件，减轻通常伴随此类事件的恐惧。
